Abstract

This paper performs an evaluation of the redistributive effect achieved through the tax-benefit system in Mexico, including the tax burden and conditional cash transfers for the poor and households in 2014. We answer the following question: What will the impact of the Mexican tax-benefit system be for the poor as well as its households? i.e, of pro-poor type? We conceive this analysis with an approach where the World Bank agrees, the pro-poor approach. In order to recognize if taxes and benefits can really compensate the poor and induce a reduction on relative and absolute poverty, we proceed with this novel measurement. Pre-fiscal income is built by comparing the tax burden and the distribution of benefits applied in both databases, the Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares –enigh – and data from Método Integrado de la Medición de la Pobreza –mmip –. According to the equivalence scale of coneval as well as that from the mmip with their corresponding poverty lines, we proceed to develop a core set of recommendations for improving the tax system and its effect on the poor.

Abstract

Ride sharing has been widely acknowledged as an effective solution for reducing travel costs, congestion, and pollution. This paper considers the ride-sharing problem of the scheduled commuter and business traffic within a closed community of companies that agree to share the calendars of their employees. We propose a formulation in the form of a general integer linear program (ILP) for the aforementioned ride-sharing problem, which incorporates return restrictions to satisfy the business needs, as well as meeting points and the option for riders to transfer between drivers. All the instances with 40 and 60 participants and most of the instances with 80 participants can be solved to optimality within a time limit of two hours. Using instances of up to 100 participants, the ILP can be solved with a gap of no more than 1.8% within the time limit. Because of the high computational complexity, we develop a constructive heuristic that is based on the savings concept. This heuristic is also able to combine ride sharing with the use of an external mobility service provider. Our numerical study shows that ride sharing can be an effective way of reducing the number of trips and vehicle miles. Particularly, ride sharing creates more benefits when the participation is high and when the origins and the destinations of the trips are more spatially concentrated. The results show that ride sharing can create up to 31.3% mileage savings and up to 28.7% reduction in the number of cars needed to fulfill employees’ travel schedules. We also illustrate our model using a real-life ride-sharing problem of a Dutch consultancy and research firm.