Results for "decentralization" : Scipedia

Scattered information architecture: dealing with cyclical risks of split in corporate websites

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The tensions between centralization and decentralization in complex enterprise web sites are addressed from the perspective of conventional information architecture, based on the “islands of information” metaphor used by Rosenfeld and Morville. The needs include the identification [...]

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Collection of open chapters of books in transport research

The São Mateus Jabaquara Trolleybusway Concession in Brazil

Abstract

The authors describe how Sao Paulo State granted a 20-year concession for operating a busway, one requirement for which was that the concessionaire replace the diesel bus operation with electric traction (trolleys). This was not a"greenfield concession"but is probably the only"busway"concession [...]

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Collection of open chapters of books in transport research

Reforming the Urban Transport Sector in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region: A Case Study in Concessions

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The author describes a bold effort by the state government to increase private sector participation in Rio de Janeiro's urban transport sector, reduce heavy operating subsidies, and establish a foundation for making the sector sustainable. This effort was undertaken with the help [...]

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Collection of open reports in transport research

Economies d'agglomération et configurations spatiales dans les espaces ruraux

Abstract

The question to be addressed here is that of the agglomeration/dispersion forces that are likely to account for the location of people and jobs in rural areas and the way they explain spatial patterns in rural areas depending on urban influence. Economic geography models may provide suitable tools with which to investigate the organization of rural areas. We first review these models, focusing on dispersion forces, which rest basically on land consumption and transport costs. We suggest then a set of hypotheses concerning the main forces at work in rural areas. Intensity of agglomeration economies is hypothesized to be related to the urban size, which in turn induces increasing land rents and finally agglomeration diseconomies. Such diseconomies encourage population spread around the city and in a second stage a possible partial decentralization of population-serving firms, which seek the proximity to the households. The consequences in terms of spatial patterns are that beyond a certain threshold of the city size, decentralization of population-serving firms occurs, giving rise to secondary services centers, whereas services remain concentrated in the center for smallercities. Empirical results concerning population densities, labor force exchanges and distribution of residentiary services in labor-market areas surrounding cities of more than 20,000 inhabitants in six French regions are presented. Quelles sont les forces d'agglomération et de dispersion qui sont susceptibles d'expliquer la localisation des hommes et des activités dans les espaces ruraux ? Comment déterminent-elles les configurations spatiales particulières observées dans ces espaces, qui montrent la prégnance de l'influence urbaine ? Les modèles d'économie géographique peuvent se révéler des outils adéquats pour analyser cette question de l'organisation spatiale des zones rurales. Nous proposons ici une revue de ces modèles, en insistant sur les forces de dispersion, qui reposent essentiellement sur la consommation de sol et les coûts de transport. Nous posons ensuite un ensemble d'hypothèses concernant les principales forces à l'ouvre dans les espaces ruraux. L'intensité des économies d'agglomération est supposée être fonction de la taille de la ville. Cette dernière induit des rentes foncières croissantes et donc des déséconomies d'agglomération. Ces déséconomies provoquent un étalement urbain autour de la ville et, dans un deuxième temps, une décentralisation partielle des services aux ménages, qui suivent l'étalement de la population. En conséquence, au-delà d'un certain seuil de taille de la ville centre d'un bassin d'emploi, la décentralisation des services aux ménages donne naissance à des centres de service secondaires, tandis que les services restent concentrés au pôle dans les plus petits bassins d'emploi. Des résultats empiriques concernant les densités de population, les flux de main-d'ouvre et la répartition des services à la population dans les bassins d'emploi desvilles de plus de 20 000 habitants de six régions françaises sont présentés. Document type: Report

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Collection of closed articles in transport research

Distributive effects of new highway infrastructure in the Netherlands : The role of network effects and spatial spillovers

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Network effects and spatial spillovers are intrinsic impacts of transport infrastructure. Network effects imply that an improvement in a particular link in a network generates effects in many other elements of that network, while spillover effects can be defined as those impacts occurring [...]

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Collection of closed articles in transport research

Balancing responsibilities

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Electrical energy storage is often proposed as a solution for the mismatch between supply patterns of variable renewable electricity sources and electricity demand patterns. However, effectiveness and usefulness of storage may vary under different circumstances. This study provides [...]

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Collection of closed articles in transport research

Balancing responsibilities: Effects of growth of variable renewable energy, storage, and undue grid interaction

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Collection of open chapters of books in transport research

Household Savings in Transition Economies

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During the transition from central planning to market economies now under way in Eastern Europe, output levels first collapsed by 40 to 50 percent in most countries, then staged a modest recovery in the last two years. Longer-term revival of growth requires a resumption of investment [...]

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Collection of open reports in transport research

Subnational Public Expenditure Review 2019 : Fostering Decentralization in Myanmar

Abstract

Myanmar’s decentralization of governance, financing and service delivery is taking place against aparticularly challenging backdrop. Myanmar is a country with considerable geographic and socialdiversity and a history of isolation, conflict and underdevelopment. Decades of civil conflict and tight military rule have marked Myanmar’s political, social and economic life since its independence from British rule in 1948, and left a host of historical institutional legacies including underrepresentation of women, civil service norms that prioritize compliance over performance, bureaucratic silos and weak public investment management, that still impact the country today. Political and economic transitions, begun in 2011, have promoted growth and improved welfare outcomes, though the benefits have not been equally shared with all groups or geographic areas. There remain extreme variations in the provision and quality of public infrastructure and services, reflected in large disparities per capita income and humandevelopment outcomes. These inequalities are widening, economic growth is spatially concentratedin the growth poles of Yangon and Mandalay, while rural and remote areas, such as those on the Shanplateau, are isolated from the centers of growth. The Myanmar subnational PER examines Myanmar’s nascent subnational institutions, focusing on governance, union-local administrative and fiscal relations and service delivery from a local perspective. The aim is to identify pragmatic and practicable policy options for incrementally strengthening the institutional capacity and inclusiveness of subnational governments within the confines of the current constitution. While political debate on the future shape of a federal Myanmar continues, reforming local governance institutions, within the considerable space available in the current constitution, as suggested throughout the PER, is an important way to support “federalism from below”, promoting a more sustainable, inclusive and accountable system of governance and fiscal management that better reflects Myanmar’s considerable social and economic heterogeneity.

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Collection of open reports in transport research

A Strategy for Slovakia's Transport Sector

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Slovakia’s transport sector has not suffered from the dramatic reductions in demand and neglect of its infrastructure that have afflicted many of its neighbors. However, current under-maintenance is eating away at the stock of transport [...]

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