Abstract

Telecommunications reform, one of the pillars of President Enrique Peña Nietos highly-publicized structural reforms, was enacted to recognize as human rights access to: (i) information and communications technology; and (ii) broadcasting and telecommunications services, including broadband and the Internet. The reform also gave the Mexican government the authority to sanction or even split up companies engaged in monopolistic practices, and to establish ad hoc restrictions to minimize undue market advantages for dominant industry players – defined as companies that capture 50 percent market share measured by number of users/audience, capacity or network infrastructure. This article explores several aspects of this new legislation, including regulatory agencies; media and plurality; audience and users’ rights; restrictions to minimize market manipulation; mergers; data retention and geo-localization; and access for persons with disabilities. It also examines various aspects of the legislative process, as well as some broader implications of the new law.

Abstract

With the transformation of Spain into an immigration country, society has become a major change by setting up a social space characterized, increasingly, by cultural, ethnic and religious diversity. In this new frame is interesting to investigate the overall value of diversity into the Spanish society. The two aims for of this paper are, on one hand, to process feedback on Spanish opinion on immigration between 1996 and 2007, and, on the other hand, to find out the role of the media in the construction of that opinion. For the first aim, an index of anti-foreigner sentiments was constructed using data provided by the national survey on opinions and attitudes on immigration, published annually by ASEP. For the second, an analysis, using the Agenda-Setting Theory, of articles published on immigration that appeared in the newspapers, «El País» and «El Mundo». The results show that a negative sentiment towards the outgroup has increased over time. The main variables explaining these trends are a sense of threat, to the population and to identity, and competition for resources and political decisions in integration – legalisation. The media analysis has six dimensions, the main ones refer to the illegality of the phenomenon, linking immigration to crime, and the social integration policies, highlighting the role of the media in creating public opinion.

Abstract

Sub-Saharan Africa's air transport, though low in overall volume when compared to other regions in the world, has experienced significant growth in the last decade, both in international and domestic traffic. The sector, in part because of its relatively small size, still faces the challenges of high concentration in services and lack of competition, with only a few dominant airlines providing international services within the continent. In addition, Africa faces challenges in safety oversight, as well as having many smaller non-viable state-owned carriers. Document type: Book

Abstract

The diffusion of innovations is an important process and its models have appli-cations in many fields, with particular relevance in technological forecast. The logistic equation is one of most important models in this context. Extensions of this approach as the Lotka-Volterra model have been developed to include the effect of mutual influences between technologies such as competition. However, many of the parameters entering this description are uncertain, difficult to estimate or simply unknown, particularly at early stages of the diffusion. Here, a systematic way to study the effect of uncertain or unknown parameters on the future diffusion of interacting innovations is proposed. The input required is a general qualitative understanding of the system: is the mutual influence positive or negative and does it apply symmetrically to either technology? Since the pa-rameters enter the problem via a set of coupled non-linear differential equa-tions, the approach proposed here goes beyond simple Monte-Carlo-like meth-ods where the result is an explicit function of the parameters. The methodology is developed in detail and applied the case of three types of upcoming electric vehicle propulsion technologies. The findings indicate that competition between electric vehicles and mild hybrid vehicles implies a slow decline of the latter. The approach can easily be generalised to include other initial conditions, more technologies or other technological areas to find stable results for future market evolution independent of specific parameters.

Abstract

International audience; For over fifteen years, the subject of urban logistics has preoccupied many, including public decision-makers. This paper seeks to identify the limits beyond which regulations restricting vehicle access to limited traffic zones may be sanctioned for abuse of power. Here, we present the case of Vicenza (Italy), which has implemented very restrictive regulations. Based on this case study, certain lessons can be drawn for other urban areas in Europe.

Abstract

International audience; Since the beginning of high-speed services in France, the TGV network’s main target has been business traffic using the domestic air transport network. Point-to-point services with the lowest number of intermediate stops have been the preferred solution. SNCF can be considered as an active player in the rail/air transport competition, given that it offers rapid travel times, competitive prices and considerable carrying capacities. Frequencies can be high between the largest towns: 16 round-trip services between Paris and Marseilles (840 km, 190 minutes ), 21 between Paris and Bordeaux (620 km, 190 minutes), etc. ID-TGV, a low-cost subsidiary, has also been created. Operating on selected routes, it provides a good level of on-board services as well as some interesting innovations. The development of high-speed lines has created new competition opportunities between the TGV, Air France and other carriers. This partially explains the relative weakness of competition within the domestic air transport sector: even a low-cost carrier like EasyJet tries to avoid competition on routes where the average travel time of the TGV is lower than 3.5 hours. Air France is now planning to progressively downsize its services on routes where the TGV’s market share is increasing: specific point-to-point services to/from Orly Airport will be closed and, by 2016, only a few feeder lines to/from the CDG-Roissy hub will remain.Our aim is to measure the intensity of the competition in 2010 and, in particular, the shift taking place from a real domestic point-to-point air offer to a stricter hub-feed network with lower frequencies. We have compared the service level provided by the two carriers, basing the comparison on average TGV travel times (which are not related to the real distance covered). Our main hypothesis is that where Air France considers that it has lost in the competition against the TGV, it directs most of its remaining flights towards Roissy-CDG airport, being the carrier’s main hub, in order to focus on connections to long-haul flights. On the other hand, where AF considers that its market share can be consolidated, it then directs most of its flights to Orly Airport which is more convenient for access to and from Paris.

Abstract

International audience; The ASEAN air transport liberalization was initiated in 2004. The objective for 2015 is to establish a relaxation of 3rd, 4th and 5th freedom rights between member states. 7th freedom and cabotage rights, which are necessary to a successfully completed single market, are not yet included but could be by 2023. Two multilateral air services agreements have been set up (MAAS and MAFLPAS), and will lead to this liberalization objective in January 2015. Nevertheless, ASEAN countries can already decide to implement these multilateral agreements without waiting for the deadline. This strategy is the one chosen by Cambodia, which has applied MAAS and/or MAFLPAS agreements with Malaysia and Thailand in 2013. In parallel, the bilateral air services agreements with other ASEAN countries, and a few Asian countries, have also been updated in 2013, with removal of constraints on frequencies and capacities. These new air services agreements have already resulted in changes in airline behaviour. This paper analyses changes in the Cambodian market in terms of traffic patterns, airline behaviour, and competition. It provides some hints as to the potential impacts of the ASEAN air transport liberalization on the Cambodian air transport market; highlights the potential benefits and risks, and enlarges the discussion to the other local markets.

Abstract

new era in the development of multi-airport regions (MARs) has been in China, especially in the construction of global urban areas such as the Guangdong&ndash Hong Kong&ndash Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). In order to better understand competition and provide significant advice to support sustainable development of Chinese MARs, this paper takes the GBA-MAR as an example, and then explores the competition between airports in this multi-airport region based on route level and its impact on passenger airport choice using three liner models. According to our findings, competition is concentrated on a few air routes in the Northeast&ndash East Coastal region and the Asia-Pacific region, in which all three airports operate. Although the domestic market of the GBA-MAR has been relatively mature, the international air transport market is still left with considerable room, which is also reflected in connections to the world&rsquo s cities and tourist destinations. In addition, the research also found that different airport brands created by route type significantly affected passenger airport choice. Overall, the study revealed that whether from a supply or demand aspect, competition between airports in a multi-airport region&mdash not just airline competition in a single airport&mdash is an important topic. Document type: Article

Abstract

WOS: 000456465200006 Emerging Sources Citation Index The aim of this study was to empirically examine the development of air transport in Turkey in the period between 1980 and 2015. The study intended, within its scope, to determine the developments experienced in air transport in Turkey and the probable causes of the structural changes. Moreover, it was aimed at highlighting the years in which the structural changes in air transport were realized. In line with this objective, the one-break Zivot Anderews (1992) unit root test, the two-break Clemente-MontatiOs-Reyes (1998) unit root test, and the one-break and two-break LM were applied to the domestic and international air transport data of the 1980-2015 period. The results of the study show that there were substantial economic and political developments both at home and abroad in the years that the significant structural breaks that affect air transport took place. Document type: Article