Abstract

This paper develops a novel methodology to measure the quantity of jobs and value of wages embodied in exports for a large number of countries and sectors for intermittent years between 1995 and 2011. The resulting Labor Content of Exports database allows the examination of the direct contribution of labor to exports as well as the indirect contribution via other sectors of the economy for skilled and unskilled labor. The analysis of the new data sets documents several new findings. First, the global share of labor value added in exports has been declining globally since 1995, but it has increased in low-income countries. Second, in line with the standard Hecksher-Ohlin trade model, the composition of labor directly contained in exports is skewed toward skilled labor in high-income countries relative to developing countries. However, that is not the case for the indirect labor content of exports. Third, manufacturing exports are a key source of labor demand in other sectors, especially in middle- and low-income countries. And the majority of the indirect demand for labor spurred by exports is in services sectors, whose workers are the largest beneficiaries of exporting activities globally. Fourth, differences in the labor value added in exports share across developing countries appears to be driven more by differences in the composition of exports rather than in sector labor intensities. Finally, average wages typically increase rapidly enough with the process of economic development to more than compensate the loss in jobs per unit of exports. The paper also includes the necessary information to build the Labor Content of Exports database from the original raw data, including stata do-files and matlab files, as well as descriptions of the variables in the data set. Document type: Book

Abstract

This report seeks to shed light on the ways in which the services sector has contributed to Lao PDR’s competitiveness and integration into the global marketplace. It focuses on two complementary roles that the services sector plays: first, as an avenue for export diversification and growth and, second,by providing inputs into other productive sectors of the economy, such as the manufacturing sector. As economies grow, the importance of the services sector generally increases, but its role as an enabler of other sectors of the economy in moving up the value chain is frequently overlooked. However, the services sector is critical in raising competitiveness of these other sectors to boost growth and create better quality jobs. The main policy recommendations that emerge from this report are aimed at increasing competition in the services sector, reducing distortive regulations, and opening up the sector to foreign participation, building up skills, both at the individual and at the firm level, and investing in hard and soft infrastructure to promote the development of the sector.

Abstract

The paper explores the significance of human potentials management in micro and macro transport systems and investigates to what extent do the human potentials represent the factor of growth and development of transport systems. The facts gathered in this paper should represent the quantitative starting points for viewing the specifics of transport service productions and future movements on the transport labour market, and the possibilities of information technologies implementation in transport human potentials management optimizations, all with the aim of producing new and of improving the inherited comparative advantages of the Croatian transport systems. Temeljni cilj ove znanstvene rasprave jest istražiti značenje upravljanja ljudskim potencijalima u mikro i makro prometnim sustavima, odnosno mogu li i u kojoj mjeri ljudski potencijali biti čimbenikom rasta i razvoja prometnih sustava. Dobivene spoznaje u ovoj znanstvenoj raspravi trebaju predstavljati kvalitetna polazišta za sagledavanje specifičnosti proizvodnje prometnih usluga i budućih kretanja na prometnome tržištu rada, te mogućnosti implementacije informacijskih tehnologija u optimalizaciji upravljanja ljudskim potencijalima u prometu, a sve s ciljem proizvođenja novih i oplemenjivanja naslijeđenih komparativnih prednosti hrvatskoga prometnoga sustava.