Abstract

The findings reported in this deliverable reflect the state of knowledge up to their first submission date. A revised version will be submitted in August 2021 that will include more recent material. https://www.roadspace.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/MORE-D2.3_WITHOUT-CONFIDENTIAL-ANNEXE.pdf; The development of new, alternative, diverse road uses challenges existing forms of allocating space on urban road networks. Different actors and stakeholders hold differing views on how space should be allocated across different transport modes and non-transport activities. These differing views are made material through the claims that are made by a wide range of stakeholders about the allocation and use of road space. What are these claims about? How are they mobilized? To what extent are these claims channelled by formal consultation processes? What similarities can be found across cities? How are these views represented at EU level? While some actors may promote the shift from roads as traffic-enabling infrastructure to a multifunctional urban asset, others resist this transformation. By purposefully using the notion of contestation, this report assumes that claims about the future of roads’ functions and uses contribute to reshaping the politics of space allocation as well as the ability of existing institutional arrangements and policy processes to accommodate such claims. It contributes to the work done in the MORE project by providing an analysis of the politics of road space allocation.

Abstract

La presente tesis de maestría contiene el desarrollo de una investigación que permite determinar el grado de mejora futuro en la movilidad de una zona de alta congestión vehicular para cualquier ciudad, a través de la medición de la variación del nivel de servicio en las vías urbanas comparando al escenario base con un escenario hipotético en donde hay una implantación de un sistema de cobro por congestión para autos particulares, como medida para desestimular el uso del auto, reducir los flujos vehiculares en las vías en las horas pico y aumentar así los índices de movilidad. La investigación aporta una metodología para determinar la variación del nivel de servicio a partir de la velocidad de circulación de los vehículos en las vías urbanas de una zona congestionada ante la implantación de una tarifa de cobro por congestión. Para ello, se utilizó como herramienta el software de macromodelación PTV Visum 14, por medio del cual se realizó simulaciones tanto para el escenario base como para el escenario hipotético de cobro, con el cual se obtiene las velocidades en cada uno de los segmentos de vías de la zona en estudio. El nivel de servicio se determinó, utilizando los procedimientos de análisis recomendados por el Manual de Capacidad Vial Americano HCM – 2000, en su referente a las vías urbanas. La metodología de investigación, se aplicó para la zona céntrica de la ciudad de Medellín, en donde a partir del análisis e insumos de información secundaria fue posible definir un escenario hipotético de cobro por congestión que se comparó con un escenario base. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron para el escenario hipotético de cobro un 15% de aumento de la velocidad media de circulación en las vías internas y una disminución del 5% de la velocidad media para las vías del anillo circundante (libre de cobro); en cuanto al nivel de servicio de las vías, en la zona interna aproximadamente 2,5 Km (14%) de vías mejoran el nivel de servicio pasando de un nivel de servicio menos favorable a uno más favorable, pese a esta variación, el 40% de vías (7,4 Km) continúan en niveles de servicio desfavorables (D, E y F). Por otro lado, se evaluó el tiempo de viaje en la red para los dos escenarios, obteniéndose que el tiempo medio de recorrido por cada auto en las vías internas se reduce de 3,00 minutos/Km en el escenario base a 2,54 minutos/Km en el escenario con cobro; para toda la red interna y todos los autos se tiene una reducción del 41%, pasando de 5.471,23 a 3.217,87 horas de viaje, lo que en beneficios sociales representados en ahorro del tiempo para todos los usuarios viajantes significa un ahorro de aproximadamente 67,8 Millones de pesos diarios que equivale aproximadamente 16.360 Millones de pesos al año; en cambio para el anillo vial circundante se tiene que los tiempos de viaje totales del anillo se incrementan en un 6%, pasando de 6.741,40 a 7.175,19 horas. El estudio también permitió identificar que el alto grado de congestión de la zona centro de Medellín no sólo es causa del uso del auto particular, sino de otros modos motorizados como las motos, el taxi, y los buses; además, de la invasión de vías y espacios públicos por el comercio informal, por parqueos indebidos y zonas de acopio que reducen la capacidad de las vías. Todos estos resultados permitieron concluir que el escenario de cobro por congestión en la forma como fue evaluado sería una medida que proporciona buenos resultados para mejorar la movilidad del centro de la ciudad de Medellín, pudiendo llegar a obtener mejores resultados con algunos cambios y medidas adicionales como incluir también una tarifa para restringir el uso exagerado de las motos, implementar la reorganización y modernización del transporte público colectivo, mejorar la gestión y control del tránsito mediante políticas de uso y racionalización del espacio público y aparcamientos; políticas de promoción del transporte no motorizado, entre otras. Abstract: this master's thesis contains the development of a research to determine the level of future improvement in the mobility of a high vehicular congestion zone for some city, by measuring the variation in the level of service in comparing urban roads the base with a hypothetical scenario where there is an implementation of a congestion charging system for private cars, as a measure to discourage car use, reduce traffic flows on roads during peak hours and increase mobility rates scenario. The research provides a methodology to determine the variation in the level of service from the speed of vehicles on urban roads in a congested area before the implementation of a congestion charge fee. To this, it was used as tool software macro-model PTV Visum 14, whereby simulations for both the baseline and for the hypothetical scenario collection was performed, which speeds is obtained in each of the segments of roads of the study area. The service level was determined using the analysis procedures recommended by the American Highway Capacity Manual HCM - 2000, as regards urban roads. The research methodology was applied to the central area of the city of Medellin, where from analysis of secondary information and input was possible to define a hypothetical scenario that congestion charging was compared to a baseline scenario. The results showed for the hypothetical scenario of charging 15% increase in the average velocity at the domestic level and a decrease of 5% of the average speed of the surrounding ring roads (free of charge); in the level of service roads in the inner area about 2,5 km (14%) of roads improve the level of service from a level of service less favorable to one more favorable, despite this variation, 40 % of roads (7,4 km) are still in unfavorable operating levels (D, E and F). On the other hand, was assessed travel time on the network for the two scenarios, obtaining the average travel time for each car at the domestic level is reduced to 3,00 minutes/Km in the baseline scenario to 2,54 minutes/Km on stage with collection; for the entire internal network and all cars have a reduction of 41% from 5471,23 to 3217,87 hours of travel, which represented in social benefits in time savings for all travelers it means users save approximately 67,8 million pesos per day or approximately 16360 million pesos a year; in exchange for the surrounding ring road must be total travel time of the ring is increased by 6%, from 6741,40 to 7175,19 hours. The study also identified that the high level of congestion in the downtown area of Medellin is not only because of the use of the private car, but in other ways as motorized bikes, taxis, and buses; Furthermore, the invasion of roads and public spaces for informal trade, for improper parking and storage areas that reduce the ability of the tracks. These results concluded that the scenario of congestion charging in the form as assessed would be a measure that gives good results for improving the mobility of downtown Medellin, but could do better with some additional changes and measures as also include a fee to restrict the excessive use of motorcycles, implement the reorganization and modernization of public transport, improve traffic management and control through use policies and rationalization of public space and parking; policies to promote non-motorized transport, among others.

Abstract

Este trabalho apresentou um método de avaliação para sistemas de transporte público de uma cidade e da região metropolitana à qual ele pertence. No caso específico deste estudo, a cidade selecionada foi Fortaleza. A avaliação foi realizada do ponto de vista retrospectivo (1992, 2000 e 2010) e prospectivo (2014), com o propósito de destacar a importância da abordagem para o planejamento da mobilidade sustentável. A pesquisa foi motivada pelos crescentes problemas de mobilidade enfrentados pela população nos últimos anos. Projetos de ampliação da infraestrutura viária, bem como de criação de novos sistemas de transportes públicos são propostos com frequência, mas estes raramente são totalmente implantados ou executados. A estratégia de avaliação se baseia no Índice de Mobilidade Urbana Sustentável (IMUS), criado por Costa (2008). A estrutura do índice envolve 87 indicadores, que visam refletir diferentes impactos e perspectivas da mobilidade. Como o foco do estudo foi o transporte público, foram calculados apenas os 22 indicadores diretamente ligados ao tema. Os pesos da estrutura hierárquica foram redistribuídos para o índice resultante, que passou a ser chamado de IMUS-TP. O valor do índice foi calculado para cada um dos quatro anos do período de análise, de forma a avaliar os respectivos níveis de mobilidade urbana sustentável. Em geral, os resultados mostraram melhorias nos valores dos indicadores ao longo do tempo. Alguns indicadores, no entanto, apresentaram problemas. Isto produziu efeitos negativos sobre os valores do índice encontrados para Fortaleza (IMUS-TP, igual a 0,463) e para a região metropolitana (IMUS-TP-RMF, igual a 0,407) em 2010. Mesmo considerando todos os projetos previstos para 2014, os valores de IMUS-TP e IMUS-TP-RMF deverão chegar a apenas 0,612 e 0,500, respectivamente. Estes valores não são altos, mas eles certamente mostram melhorias no sistema de transporte público. Algumas das melhorias esperadas são: priorização do transporte público, investimentos na integração dos sistemas de transporte, subsídios públicos para o sistema de transporte metropolitano, mais interação entre os sistemas de transporte urbano e metropolitano, e procedimentos eficazes para a atualização dos bancos de dados. Os valores do índice mostram que estas medidas, embora importantes porque melhorarão as condições de mobilidade na cidade de Fortaleza e na região metropolitana, não resolverão definitivamente o problema. This study introduces a method for the assessment of the public transportation systems of a single city and also of the metropolitan region it belongs to. In the case of this particular investigation, the selected city was Fortaleza, Brazil. The evaluation was conducted for three periods in the past (i.e., the years 1992, 2000, and 2010), and one in the future, which is the year 2014. The purpose was to highlight the importance of the approach for sustainable mobility planning. The growing mobility problems faced by the population in the recent past have been the motivation for this research. Projects for road infrastructure improvement and for the creation of new public transportation systems are frequently proposed, but rarely built or fully implemented. The evaluation approach is based on the Index of Sustainable Urban Mobility (I_SUM or IMUS, in Portuguese) created by Costa (2008). The index framework involves 87 indicators, which are meant to cover distinct impacts and perspectives of mobility. As the focus of the study was on public transportation, only the 22 indicators directly linked to the subject were calculated. The weights of the hierarchical structure were redistributed to the resulting index, which was then called IMUS-TP. The index value was calculated for each of the four years period of analysis, for assessing the respective levels of sustainable urban mobility. In general, the results showed improvements in the values of the indicators throughout time. Some indicators, however, had problems. This had a negative effect on the index values found for Fortaleza (IMUS-TP, equal to 0.463) and for the metropolitan region (IMUS-TP-RMF, equal to 0.407) in 2010. Even considering all projects proposed for 2014, the values of IMUS-TP and IMUS-TP-RMF are expected to reach only 0.612 and 0.500, respectively. These values are not high, but they certainly show improvements in the public transportation system. Some of the expected improvements are: priorization of public transport, investments in the integration of transport systems, public subsidies to the metropolitan transit system, more interaction between urban and metropolitan transit systems, and effective procedures for the update of databases. The index values show that these measures, although important because they will improve the mobility conditions in the city of Fortaleza and in the metropolitan region, will not be able to definitely solve the problem.

Abstract

This thesis presents new evidences of negative impacts of traffic congestion in São Paulo Metropolitan Area, indicating that the omission or retardation of policy to alleviate that charges society with a high cost. Besides that, we shed light on Waze application\\'s impacts, evidencing GPS-based participatory navigation is a key element of the traffic in the contemporary cities. Induced by the economic theory, one can see that traffic slowness derived from the general demand for automotive vehicles corresponds to a social cost. With the objective of translating this cost to monetary units, we developed an approach that matches the 2012 Origin-Destination survey to Google Maps data. An econometric travel mode choice model is estimated and through that we infer the Value of Time for trips. From counterfactual analysis for travel duration, we estimate the delays of the trips in relation to a hypothetic free flow situation. Joining the calculations, we estimate that 89% of the trips motivated by work in São Paulo are retarded by traffic frictions, generating an annual welfare cost that amounts to R$7.338 billions. Additionally, we analyze widespread Waze malfunctioning at 10/23/2017. Combining congestion data to the Value of Time, we estimate that the Waze bug approximatedely tripled the welfare costs in regards to a typical day, showing the magnitude of mass effects that a social navigation application is able to trigger. Esta dissertação traz novas evidências dos efeitos negativos do congestionamento do trânsito na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, mostrando que a morosidade na implantação de soluções custa muito caro para a sociedade. Além disso, evidências empíricas dos impactos do aplicativo Waze são elucidadas, mostrando que a navegação participativa por meio de aparelhos com GPS não pode ser esquecida ao pensarmos o trânsito nas cidades contemporâneas. À luz da teoria econômica, é possível ver que a lentidão do trânsito proveniente da demanda coletiva por automóveis corresponde a um custo social. Para quantificar este custo em unidades monetárias, é desenvolvida uma abordagem que combina dados da Pesquisa de Mobilidade de 2012 com dados do Google Maps. Através de um modelo econométrico de escolha de modal de transporte, são inferidos os valores do tempo em viagem e, através da análise contrafactual da duração dos deslocamentos, é estimado o tempo de atraso das viagens em relação a uma situação hipotética de fluxo livre. Juntando os cálculos, é estimado que 89% das viagens motivadas por trabalho em São Paulo são atrasadas por fricções do tráfego, gerando um custo de bem-estar da ordem de R$7,338 bilhões por ano. Ademais, são analisados empiricamente os impactos de uma falha generalizada do Waze ocorrida em 23/10/2017. Combinando dados de congestionamento com os valores de tempo já inferidos, é estimado que a falha aproximadamente triplicou os custos de bem-estar em relação a um dia típico, dando magnitude aos efeitos de massa que um aplicativo de navegação social é capaz de provocar.

Abstract

Produced with the support of EUROCITIES as part of the CREATE (Congestion Reduction in Europe, Advancing Transport Efficiency) project, WP4 "Qualitative analysis of historical transport policy developments across 5 EU capital-cities".; International audience; Why have some cities in Europe been able to achieve a shift from the car-oriented city towards more sustainable modes of transport? How can other parts of Europe and the EuroMed draw lessons from CREATE?In order to answer these fundamental questions, the CREATE (Congestion Reduction in Europe, Advancing Transport Efficiency) project’s main objective is to reduce road congestion in European cities by encouraging a switch from cars to more sustainable modes of transport. Among other valuable lessons, the CREATE project shows how strong urban governance contributes to the shift towards the liveable city.

Abstract

International audience; Most of current managerial studies on Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) focus on future social and economic impacts of privately-owned AVs. In contrast, the present study aimed on carrying out an in-depth benchmark on successful experimentations with Autonomous Shuttles for Collective Transport (ASCTs), identifying the most relevant social and economic findings as well as understanding how such results may contribute to future projects and trials. The research was designed as an in-depth qualitative benchmark of exploratory and descriptive nature on three selected European projects with ASCTs: CityMobil2, GATEway, SHOJOA. Results mainly focused on the trials' social aspects (e.g., user acceptance, trust, willingness to use and, shuttles' interactions with mixed-traffic). Economic impacts were not widely disclosed and/or explored (results were mainly centered on users' willingness to pay and potential to reduce fares). Thereby, we advocate that economic aspects shall not be considered as "ceteris paribus" while measuring user acceptance. From the perspective of social sciences, the study sheds light into what is currently being evaluated on ASCTs' trials. Results are relevant for future ASCTs projects to focus on neglected aspects and also to improve upon the trials' successful results in a sense that, to date, no current studies were found aiming to understand and evaluate the social and economic impacts of ASCTs deployments.

Abstract

Shared mobility is widely discussed, yet only few travelers actually make use of shared services. Apart from personal characteristics, the supply and more specific the supply density of shared vehicles is assumed to be crucial for a widespread shared mobility usage. In this paper, we test this hypothesis. Moreover we provide insights into the impact of current mobility behavior on the usage intention for shared transport services. For this purpose, we combine existing transport usage data with the real supply of shared vehicles in selected cities in Germany. We investigate free-floating and station-based car- and bikesharing, free-floating e-scootersharing, as well as ridesharing. To do so, we collected data on the vehicles supplied per service for beginning of 2020. In a first step, we analyze group differences in terms of intended usage between people living in cities where the services are offered and those who live in cities without access to such services. This information is used in a second step when we analyze to what extent the supply density is driving usage intention for a specific trip purpose obtained from the first analysis step. Therefore, we apply logistic regression analyses that focus on socio-demographics, the users’ possession of mobility tools (e.g. driver’s license, car access, transit pass), their current transport behavior and the availability of services respectively.

Abstract

Purpose Traffic congestion is a large-scale problem in urban areas all over the world that can lead to substantial costs for travellers and business operations. This paper focus on how to measure the way in which congestion selectively affects different traffic streams, with special emphasis on light duty vehicles travelling around a city. Methods The idea is to integrate a dataset collecting Global Positioning System (GPS) vehicle traces with road side data sources related to traffic conditions in a road network, which on the other hand usually lack focus on specific traffic streams. The core of the data integration method is the creation of a specific indicator focusing on the time lost in congestion. This is a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) of an urban network that is of paramount importance as a decision support tool for policy makers, also because it has an impact on other key issues such as air pollution, noise emissions, energy efficiency and health problems. Then, a method is proposed to quantify the congestion KPI in a highly disaggregated fashion (each single vehicle travelling on each single link or street segment). Results This KPI can be used to inform a wide range of policy actions within the transport sector, both from the viewpoint of a city and from that of an individual actor of the transport system, such as the operator of a fleet of vehicles for urban freight deliveries. Some preliminary examples of how the aggregation of the KPI at different scales can provide insights into the transport system are presented. Document type: Article

Abstract

The findings reported in this deliverable reflect the state of knowledge up to their first submission date. A revised version will be submitted in August 2021 that will include more recent material.; This report is the third WP2 deliverable. Drawing on the work done on the organizational, institutional, regulatory and political dimensions of road space allocation, it focuses on the contestation of street space. By purposefully using the notion of contestation, it sets out to identify various views on how space should be allocated across different transport modes and non-transport activities, as well as the various ways through which they are made material. Who has an interest in contesting road space arrangements or proposed changes? What are these claims about? How are they mobilized? To what extent are these claims channelled by formal consultation and decision-making processes? What similarities can be found across cities? How are these views represented at EU level? Drawing on an original qualitative dataset, the report includes an up-to-date analysis of how the contestation of street space enfolds across five cities - London, Constanta, Malmö, Lisbon and Budapest - and at EU level. Content: An up-to-date analysis of how the contestation of street space enfolds across five cities - London, Constanta, Malmö, Lisbon and Budapest - and at EU level ; Appendices : the detailed, supporting analysis for each of the five cases (“city portraits”), two sets of recommendations produced by ECF (European Cyclists Foundation) of how existing EU and Member states legislation should be revised in order to accommodate cycling.

Abstract

O objeto desta pesquisa é o impacto das tecnologias disruptivas na mobilidade urbana devido, principalmente, aos veículos sem motorista e à mobilidade compartilhada. Com a adoção das tecnologias disruptivas, o objetivo geral é propor desenhos urbanos em função da redução da infraestrutura viária, visando a qualificação dos espaços públicos e a mobilidade urbana mais sustentável, de modo a fomentar os percursos a pé, de bicicleta, em transporte coletivo e em viagens compartilhadas, além de facilitar a intermodalidade dos deslocamentos. A adoção das tecnologias disruptivas também contribui para a redução de acidentes, para o aumento da mobilidade e da sua eficiência operacional, bem como para o favorecimento das pessoas que não dirigem, das que possuem limitações etárias, físicas ou motoras. Essas alterações vão impactar as cidades existentes e devem ser consideradas em projetos futuros, dentro de uma nova realidade. Sendo assim, os objetivos específicos consistem em: elencar as diretrizes para o redesenho urbano; estabelecer critérios para embasar a seleção do contexto urbano e da área de intervenção; selecionar e analisar parâmetros e indicadores de diferentes contextos urbanos; estimar a redução da infraestrutura viária; efetuar o levantamento da área de intervenção; analisar se as porcentagens de redução da infraestrutura viária obtidas nos levantamentos validam o intervalo anteriormente estimado, entre 15% e 25%; elaborar proposições para o cenário futuro e verificar se estas atendem aos objetivos inicialmente propostos. A hipótese é que o impacto das tecnologias disruptivas na mobilidade urbana, em função da redução da infraestrutura viária, tem potencial para inovações no desenho da cidade, visando a qualificação dos espaços públicos e a mobilidade urbana mais sustentável. O método é indutivo, por meio de levantamentos de dados secundários na literatura e em diferentes bases de dados, e dedutivo, por meio de proposições para o cenário futuro e os seus consequentes impactos no desenho urbano. Com essas proposições foi possível verificar que as porcentagens de redução da infraestrutura viária validam a estimativa inicial para o contexto local, sendo que a área liberada pela redução da infraestrutura viária - 21,8% na área foco, no distrito da Liberdade, em São Paulo, e 22,8% na área de referência, nos distritos da Bela Vista, da Liberdade, do Jardim Paulista e da Vila Mariana, em São Paulo - pôde ser convertida em outros usos, contemplando as principais diretrizes encontradas na literatura. Considerando-se os resultados obtidos, entende-se que os objetivos foram atingidos, bem como a hipótese comprovada, uma vez que as proposições demonstram o potencial de transformação do desenho urbano existente em prol da qualificação dos espaços públicos e de uma mobilidade urbana mais sustentável. The subject of this research is the impact of disruptive technologies on urban mobility mainly due to driverless vehicles and shared mobility. With the adoption of the disruptive technologies, the general objective is to propose urban designs due to the reduction of road infrastructure, aiming at the qualification of the public spaces and the more sustainable urban mobility, in order to foster walking, cycling, public transportation and transportation in shared travel, as well as facilitating the intermodality of travel. The adoption of disruptive technologies also contributes to reducing accidents, increasing mobility and its operational efficiency, as well as favoring people who do not drive, those with age, physical or motor limitations. These changes will impact the existing cities and should be considered in future projects within a new reality. Thus, the specific objectives are: to list the guidelines for urban redesign; establish criteria to support the selection of the urban context and the intervention area; select and analyze parameters and indicators of different urban contexts; estimate the reduction of road infrastructure; carry out the survey of the intervention area; analyze whether the percentages of road infrastructure reduction obtained in the surveys validate the previously estimated range, between 15% and 25%; elaborate propositions for the future scenario and verify if they meet the objectives initially proposed. The hypothesis is that the impact of disruptive technologies on urban mobility, due to the reduction of road infrastructure, has the potential for innovations in city design, aiming at the qualification of public spaces and more sustainable urban mobility. The method is inductive, through secondary data surveys in the literature and in different data bases, and deductive, through propositions for the future scenario and its consequent impacts on urban redesign. After these propositions it was possible to verify that the percentages of road infrastructure reduction validate the initial estimate for the local context, in Sao Paulo, and the area released by the road infrastructure reduction - 21.8% in the focus area at Liberdade district, in Sao Paulo, and 22.8% in the reference area at Bela Vista, Liberdade, Jardim Paulista and Vila Mariana districts, in Sao Paulo - could be converted to other uses, contemplating the main guidelines found in the literature. Considering the results obtained, it is understood that the objectives were achieved, as well as the hypothesis was proven, since the propositions demonstrate the potential for transformation of the existing urban design in favor of public space qualification and a more sustainable urban mobility.