Abstract

espanolLa necesidad de dar respuesta al freno que suponia la deficitaria red de transporte terrestre para el crecimiento de la economia se convirtio en un objetivo basico de la politica inversora del Estado durante el siglo XX. Un primer esfuerzo constructor se produjo en el primer tercio del siglo, dando inicio a la etapa contemporanea del transporte por carretera en Espana. Tras el paron de la postguerra civil, un nuevo impulso tuvo lugar a partir de 1960 y hasta la crisis de mediados de los setenta, multiplicandose las inversiones destinadas a este fin. Durante la transicion asistimos a una brusca caida de las inversiones que llevo aparejado un estancamiento de la longitud de la red y a la transferencia de una parte de las carreteras a las nacientes Comunidades Autonomas. El pais realizo, desde mediados de los ochenta y ayudado por los fondos europeos, un esfuerzo considerable, pasando de pais atrasado a converger con Europa en equipamiento de grandes infraestructuras de transporte. EnglishThe need to address the constraint on the growth of the Spanish economy caused by the deficient road transport network became a primary objective of the State’s investment policy during the whole of the 20th century. An initial effort to build the network was made in the first thirty years of the century, marking the start of the contemporary era of road transport in Spain. This development was interrupted by the civil war, then, a new boost in road construction took place between 1960 until the crisis of the mid 1970s, a period during which investments in road infrastructure were multiplied. During the Transition period there was a sharp fall in investments, no efforts were made to extend the length of the network and the competences for part of the roads were transferred to the newly-formed Autonomous Regions. From the mid-1980s and with the help of European funds, Spain made a considerable effort to modernise its network. It is no longer underdeveloped and has converged with the rest of Europe in terms of its largescale transport infrastructure facilities. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Abstract

Transport is one of the four priorities of the EU Thematic Strategy on Urban Environment. Cities concentrate 80% of European population and transport is a key element for their economic vitality. However it also produces pollution, noise, global warming, congestion, etc. Some cities have faced this problem - particularly aggravated by this relatively new phenomenon known as urban sprawl, perfectly distinguishable in new housing developments perfectly unsustainable-, through integrated strategies which takes account of the interrelations among land use patterns, transport supply and, last but not least, the role of the different modes of transport, in a sort of co-modality that includes walking and cycling. Sustainable Urban Transport Plan for cities or Company Management Plans for big industries look for those objectives. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Abstract

Expert systems for decision support have recently been successfully introduced in road transport management. These systems include knowledge on traffic problem detection and alleviation. The paper describes experiments in automated acquisition of knowledge on traffic problem detection. The task is to detect road sections where a problem has occured (critical sections) from sensor data. It is necessary to use inductive logic programming (ILP) for this purpose as relational background knowledge on the road network is essential. Preliminary results show that ILP can be used to successfully learn to detect traffic problems.

Abstract

El objetivo de la tesis es diseñar un método metaheurístico basado en búsqueda tabú para resolver el problema del transporte BRT en el Distrito Federal con dos objetivos. Se propone aplicar técnicas metaheurísticas a problemas de optimización reales en el sector transporte. El problema de optimización en la operación del BRT es biobjetivo: reducción del tiempo total de viaje y del número de trasbordos, que no son comparables. Se diseñaron, implementaron y analizaron: algoritmo constructivo, procedimiento búsqueda local, procedimiento búsqueda tabú y procedimiento multiarranque (combina algoritmo constructivo con procedimiento de búsqueda tabú (MultiStartTabu)). Se creó un método específico para este problema, siguiendo la estrategia MOAMP para problemas multiobjetivo. Se compararon los resultados obtenidos por el algoritmo diseñado para resolver el problema con los obtenidos por una adaptación del NSGA II. MOAMP obtuvo curvas de eficiencia con mayor número de soluciones, que además dominan a las soluciones obtenidas con NSGA II.

Abstract

Expert systems for decision support have recently been suc- cessfully introduced in road transport management. These systems include knowledge on traffic problem detection and alleviation. The paper describes experiments in automated acquisition of knowledge on traffic problem detection. The task is to detect road sections where a problem has occured (critical sections) from sensor data. It is necessary to use inductive logic programming (ILP) for this purpose as relational back- ground knowledge on the road network is essential. In this paper, we apply three state-of-the art ILP systems to learn how to detect traffic problems and compare their performance to the performance of a propositional learning system on the same problem.

Abstract

This paper describes a prototype implementation of ADS-B in an air-to-air surveillance system. This air surveillance system was defined for an experimental project on future civilian air traffic management, which imposes new requirements over both air and ground surveillance systems. In this paper the relation between the different airborne and ground systems related to air surveillance is detailed, and the air surveillance and its algorithms are described. It is related with current ADS-B and TIS-B proposals, and defined as an extension of those systems. Finally, performance of the air surveillance is detailed, based on simulated scenarios, and some conclusions for future enhancements of ADS-B function are derived. Document type: Conference object

Abstract

The Paris Climate Agreement has sent a key message to the international community regarding the need to increase efforts to move towards a low-carbon economy and help slow climate change, while underpinning global long-term economic growth and sustainable development. COP 21 recognizes the social, economic and environmental value of voluntary mitigation actions and their co-benefits for adaptation, health and sustainable development. In this framework, the PTP Cycle project, running from 2013 to 2016 and funded by the European Commission through the Intelligent Energy Europe program, introduces a non-market approach through voluntary participation in the adoption of sustainable transport modes such as cycling, based on marketing to potential customers through Personalized Travel Plans. The medium-sized city of Burgos (Spain) and the cities of Ljubljana, Riga, Antwerp and London (boroughs of Haringey and Greenwich) developed a new policy instrument (Personalized Travel Plans) in order to increase bike patronage. Beyond potential savings of CO2, the results show that PTP as a form of Active Mobility Consultancy is a suitable instrument to influence modal shift to public transport, walking and cycling, and to address the challenges of climate change, while fostering sustainable transportation by changing mobility behaviour. These results, matching with the state-of-the-art of studies and pilot applications in other countries, allows deriving differentiated results for medium-size and large urban areas. Document type: Conference object

Abstract

Russia has a well-developed and powerful transportation system. However, the entire transpon infrastructure was designed to meet the needs of a closed and centralized economy. It has become clear that the current road network does not fillfill Russia's social and economic needs. The growth of Russia's road network has fallen far behind motorization rates and the growing demand for road transportation. This gap is a result of the low level of investment in road infrastructure, especially during the last decade. The lack of an adequate stock of roads is particularly evident in Moscow, leading to extremely high traffic congestión, with adverse consequences in terms of wasted time, air pollution, noise, climatic effects, etc. Increased investment in road infrastructure is necessary to reduce Moscow's road congestión. To this end, in addition to increasing public investment, it would be helpful to involve the prívate sector by means of public-private partnerships (PPP). This paper analyses the issues surrounding road concessions and the challenges and difficulties of using a PPP model in Russia. First, the study analyses data on the evolution of the road network and of transport demand in Russia over the last decade. These data illustrate the difficulties of maintaining the road network and of responding to the growing transport demand. Then the paper reviews the challenges of PPP projects aimed at improving the road network, focusing on two recently granted motorway concessions near Moscow. Finally, prospects for further development of public-private partnerships to relieve road congestión in the Russian capital are explored. Document type: Conference object

Abstract

International audience; The objective of this paper is to analyse the factors influencing tourists’ choice of a destination and the role of High Speed Rail (HSR) systems in this choice. The methodology proposed consists in analysing two capitals in Europe, i.e. Paris and Madrid where HSR services are important, to investigate the factors influencing holidaymakers in choosing these cities, and the role of HSR in this choice. The main outcome of this paper is to show that several factors influence the choice of a tourist, like the presence of architectural sites, the quality of promotion of the destination itself, the presence of events, and also HSR services. However we found that the HSR system has affected the choice of Paris and Madrid in a different way. Concerning the French case study, HSR is considered a real transport mode alternative among tourists, therefore HSR is chosen to reach Paris as well as for revisiting it. On the other hand, Madrid is chosen by tourists irrespective on the presence of HSR, while HSR is chosen for reaching cities close to Madrid. Data collected from the two surveys have been used for a further quantitative analysis. Models have been specified and calibrated to identify the factors influencing holidaymakers to revisit Paris and Madrid and the role of HSR in this choice has been highlighted. Document type: Conference object

Abstract

mospheric emissions from road transport have increased all around the world during the last decades more rapidly than from other pollution sources. For instance, they contribute to more than 25% of total CO, CO2, NOx, and fine particle emissions in most of the European countries. This situation shows the importance of road transport when complying with emission ceilings and air quality standards applied to these pollutants. This paper presents a modelling system to perform atmospheric emission projections (simultaneously both air quality pollutants and greenhouse gases) from road transport including the development of a tailored software tool (EmiTRANS) as a planning tool. The methodology has been developed with two purposes: 1) to obtain outputs used as inputs to the COPERT4 software to calculate emission projections and 2) to summarize outputs for policy making evaluating the effect of emission abatement measures for a vehicle fleet. This methodology has been applied to the calculation of emission projections in Spain up to 2020 under several scenarios, including a sensitivity analysis useful for a better interpretation and confidence building on the results. This case study demonstrates the EmiTRANS applicability to a country, and points out the need for combining both technical and non-technical measures (such as behavioural changes or demand management) to reduce emissions, indirectly improving air quality and contributing to mitigate climate change. Document type: Article