Abstract

Proceedings of the Academic Track at State of the Map 2020 - Online (originally planned in Cape Town, South Africa), July 4-6, 2020. Editors Marco Minghini – European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy Serena Coetzee, Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria Levente Juhász – GIS Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States A. Yair Grinberger – Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Peter Mooney – Department of Computer Science, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland Godwin Yeboah – Institute for Global Sustainable Development, School of Cross-faculty Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom

Abstract

Concerns over the accuracy, availability, integrity and\\ud continuity of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)\\ud have limited the integration of GPS and GLONASS for\\ud safety-critical applications. More recent augmentation\\ud systems, such as the European Geostationary Navigation\\ud Overlay Service (EGNOS) and the North American Wide\\ud Area Augmentation System (WAAS) have begun to address\\ud these concerns. Augmentation architectures build on the\\ud existing GPS/GLONASS infrastructures to support locationbased services in Safety of Life (SoL) applications. Much of the technical development has been directed by air traffic management requirements, in anticipation of the more extensive support to be offered by GPS III and Galileo. WAAS has already been approved to provide vertical guidance against ICAO safety performance criteria for aviation applications. During the next twelve months, we will see the full certification of EGNOS for SoL applications.\\ud This paper identifies strong similarities between the safety\\ud assessment techniques used in Europe and North America.\\ud Both have relied on hazard analysis techniques to derive\\ud estimates of the Probability of Hazardously Misleading\\ud Information (PHMI). Later sections identify significant\\ud differences between the approaches adopted in application\\ud development. Integrated fault trees have been developed by\\ud regulatory and commercial organisations to consider both\\ud infrastructure hazards and their impact on non-precision\\ud RNAV/VNAV approaches using WAAS. In contrast,\\ud EUROCONTROL and the European Space Agency have\\ud developed a more modular approach to safety-case\\ud development for EGNOS. It remains to be seen whether the\\ud European or North American strategy offers the greatest\\ud support as satellite based augmentation systems are used\\ud within a growing range of SoL applications from railway\\ud signalling through to Unmanned Airborne Systems. The key\\ud contribution of this paper is to focus attention on the safety\\ud arguments that might support this wider class of location\\ud based services.

Abstract

The need to develop and deploy Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) aerial vehicles has intensified over the last decade. As the demand for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) has increased, so too has the regulations that surrounds the industry. Strict regulations are currently in place but differ from country to country. Due to these regulations BVLOS innovators have been posed the task of exploring the means of operating flight missions with the UAV out of the sight of the pilot. Autonomous flight capability is not only fundamental to BVLOS operations for UAS but also likely to have a significant impact on the future development of passenger carrying autonomous aircraft. This review explores the technologies that have been developed to date that enable BVLOS applications. BVLOS flight operations have the potential to open a huge area of commercial opportunity however, there remain many concerns about the current capabilities of UAS to detect and avoid manned and unmanned airborne hazards that may pose a significant safety risk.