Abstract

In der kommunalpolitischen und planerischen Diskussion zum Stadtverkehr verstecken sich in vielfältigen Themen zugleich auch Fragen der Zeitgerechtigkeit. Sie werden nur punktuell von Betroffenengruppen artikuliert und sind im Sinne der Verfahrensgerechtigkeit im Planungsprozess nur selten transparent mitverhandelt. Aktuell findet dies bei der Frage von Tempo 30 auf Hauptverkehrsstraßen in Verbindung mit der Lärmminderung statt. Deutlich werden zeitpolitische Fragen beim Fahrplanangebot für Bus und Bahn in der entsprechenden zeitlichen und räumlichen Verteilung. Mit dem Planwerk des Nahverkehrsplans definieren die kommunalen Aufgabenträger den Verkehrsunternehmen die Zugangsstandards für die Fahrgäste sowie andere qualitative Rahmenvorgaben - meist verbunden mit öffentlichen Finanzierungsmechanismen. Dies bestimmt dann jeweils die Erreichbarkeiten und Teilhabechancen von Personengruppen in unterschiedlicher Weise. Durch neue Technik, wie Smartphone-Apps zur Fahrplaninformation, verbessert sich die Transparenz für eine bessere Zeiteffizienz im Sinne der persönlichen Bewirtschaftung der eigenen Zeit. The primary aim of urban transport planning is to achieve spatial and temporal accessibility in the city. Like almost no other spatial planning discipline, it thus connects spatial and temporal planning issues consciously and as a matter of course. As an explicit spatial-temporal field of action, urban transport planning faces the challenge of attaining spatial and temporal justice. However, when making decisions about balancing various interests in urban transport planning these issues often seem to play only an indirect role and are rarely consciously considered. This is due, firstly, to the complexity of the various passenger interests caused by the requirements of different user groups (related to, for instance, social, economic, ethnic, age, health or occupational factors). Secondly, the conditions within which mobility providers (in local public transport these are increasingly private transport companies) operate are changing and they are restricted in their actions by economic constraints. Both factors are dependent on the constantly changing paradigms and principles of urban and transport planning. In the last century the rise of motorisation and the principle of urban areas being divided by function and planned to suit transport needs, following the Charter of Athens, rendered acceleration the central goal in the planning of urban transport and life. In contrast, current discussions about the extension of zones where speeds are limited to 30 km/h and the improvement of infrastructure for pedestrians and cyclists suggest a focus on deceleration. The objectives of the Paris climate agreement on decarbonisation and CO2-neutrality involve further challenges for urban transport, which should become more energy efficient and environmentally friendly through model shifts to local public transport and by replacing longer trips with local mobility. This offers opportunities for improving the temporal justice of urban transport.

Abstract

Private motorised vehicles account today for 90% of total surface transport1 CO2 emissions. Car fleets are growing rapidly in many cities in the developing world, where population and income growth will be concentrated in the coming decades. For example, whilst urban agglomerations with more than 500 000 inhabitants in Latin America, India and China currently account for only about 9% of total global CO2 emissions from motorised passenger surface transport, this share is likely to grow to 20% in the next 40 years. This means that 40% of the total global growth in CO2 emissions related to surface passenger transport will be generated in these cities (ITF, 2015).

Abstract

Veränderungen auf Deutschlands Straßen sind überfällig, doch die Entwicklung stagniert: Die Zahl der privaten Autos mit Verbrennungsmotoren wächst, die Luftqualität leidet, öffentliche Plätze sind primär Verkehrsflächen – von einer Verkehrswende keine Spur. In den großen Städten aber bahnt sich ein Wechsel in der Einstellung und im Verhalten an: Immer mehr Menschen nutzen nicht mehr nur das Auto, sondern kombinieren das Rad mit Bussen und Bahnen oder nutzen Bike- oder Carsharing. Unterstützt wird diese Tendenz durch digitale Plattformen, die das Kombinieren unterschiedlicher Verkehrsmittel so einfach machen wie die Nutzung eines eigenen Pkw. Mit dem Smartphone in der Hand werden die städtischen Verkehrsmittel zu einem riesigen Fuhrpark, bei immer mehr Menschen lösen sich damit die Bindungen an ein privates Verkehrsmittel langsam auf. Damit könnte auch die Zahl der Fahrzeuge drastisch sinken, das wiederum lässt die flächendeckende Einführung von Elektrofahrzeugen zu. Werden diese darüber hinaus – wie es selbstverständlich sein sollte – mit erneuerbaren Energien betrieben, wäre die Energie- und Verkehrswende auf einem guten Weg. Doch obwohl die technischen Möglichkeiten vorhanden sind und die Präferenzen der städtischen Bevölkerung eine solche multimodale Verkehrspraxis ermöglichen, blockiert die herrschende Verkehrsordnung viele Innovationen. Der rechtliche Rahmen bleibt bislang in hohem Maße auf das private Verbrennungsauto fixiert. Die Einführung von Experimentierklauseln mit erweiterten Beteiligungsverfahren könnte dies ändern.

Abstract

Safe travel for all road users is a prerequisite for ensuring sustainable and inclusive cities. Providing safe transport system is an objective for sustainable transport, because risk of injuries and deaths from traffic crashes has become a major public health concern worldwide (WHO, 2011). At the same time safety of pedestrians, bicyclists and public transport users also has an impact on the choice of these modes. Risk to pedestrians, bicyclists and public transport users can be reduced by appropriate street designs and neighbourhood environment. Safer pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure results in increased use of these environment friendly modes (Tiwari & Jain, 2012). Safe travel options for women in general and specifically low income women are important for addressing livelihood and poverty issues for a significant proportion of urban population in low income countries like India. In this paper we present data from two Indian cities- Vishakhapattanam( a city in south India with a population of 1.7 million persons) and Delhi the capital city of India having 16.4 million residents to compare the travel patterns of women and men. The household survey in Delhi focused on low income settlements since poverty adds another dimension to gender bias. The survey repeated after ten years shows that the travel patterns remain unchanged. Women travel shorter distances, are dependent on lower cost modes-walking and public transport and perform multi-purpose linked trips. In view of the sustainability requirements, lower mobility of women must be addressed by ensuring safe accessibility to employment opportunities by walking, bicycles and public transport. The paper concludes with possible interventions required to ensure safe and secure travel of women at land use planning level and street design level.

Abstract

This report looks at the status quo of policies, legislation and discourse relating to urban road transport and environmental justice in the US. It presents the findings from literature study and a series of interviews conducted during a trip to the US in the summer of 2011. Interview partners came from research, regional and national non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and from various levels of administration. Interviews were conducted in Los Angeles, the Bay Area, Sacramento and Davis (all California) as well as Washington, D.C. and Boston, MA. The report gives an overview over the current research activities in the US relating to urban transport and environmental justice (EJ), it presents the legal framework for EJ related campaigning and decision making and relates some examples of current issues and campaigns in this area in the regions visited. The text also conveys the evaluations and opinions of those who were interviewed (in anonymous form). The trip was funded by the American Council on Germany through the 2011 McCloy Fellowship in Environmental Policy.