Abstract

Since the end of the 1980s, citation impact values –especially for evaluative purposes– are increasingly presented as field-normalized citation scores than as bare citation counts or citation rates. In rather popular variants of the scores, the average score over a publication year is not exactly one due to multiple Web of Science subject categories per paper. We propose a scaling method which introduces slight changes in the field-normalized scores of each paper that ensures that the average value of all scores equals one.

Abstract

Experience with reinjection returns in many geothermal fields has prompted a move towards injecting waste fluids at some distance from the production field. This means that often, reinjection pipelines cover very long distances. If the waste water in the pipelines is supersaturated with respect to amorphous silica, then the deposition of silica in these pipelines is almost certain. Although the deposit may be of negligible thickness, the inner surface characteristics of the pipe will be different to those of clean mild steel. During a silica scaling experiment. geothermal brine was passed through a series of pipes of different sizes and over a period of three weeks, silica scale formed on the inner surface. The pressure drop along a distance of approximately 5m was measured by a water manometer in all test pipe sections. Significant pressure drop was observed during this time and can be correlated with the increase in the friction factor of the pipe walls due to silica scaling. Document type: Report

Abstract

Model-Based System Testing (MBST) combines physical testing and simulation models to enable the validation of complex systems early-on in their design cycle. Therefore, it shows great potential for the validation of increasingly complex Electric Vehicle (EV) powertrains. In this work, the MBST methodology is applied to a downscaled powertrain, including a Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) and a 3-phase switch-mode inverter. This System-under-Test (SuT) is integrated into an X-in-the-Loop (XiL) test bench, where real-time simulation models of the rest of the vehicle are used to impose realistic boundary conditions to the SuT. These include the emulation of the vehicle inertia, its friction losses and the regenerative braking controller. Both hardware and software architectures required to achieve this setup are presented. Subsequently, a methodology used for computing scaling factors that match the power levels of the full vehicle to the miniature test bench is proposed. Finally, the combined physical-virtual system is evaluated on a driving cycle to validate its behaviour. The usage of a downscaled SuT constitutes the first step towards full-scale E-powertrain-in-the-loop testing, as well as a valuable multi-purpose didactical XiL setup. info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Abstract

A smart, safe, and efficient management of water is fundamental for both developed and developing countries. Several wireless sensor networks have been proposed for real-time monitoring of drinking water quantity and quality, both in the environment and in pipelines. However, surface fouling significantly affects the long-term reliability of pipes and sensors installed in-line. To address this relevant issue, we presented a multi-parameter sensing node embedding a miniaturized slime monitor able to estimate the micrometric thickness and type of slime. The measurement of thin deposits in pipes is descriptive of water biological and chemical stability and enables early warning functions, predictive maintenance, and more efficient management processes. After the description of the sensing node, the related electronics, and the data processing strategies, we presented the results of a two-month validation in the field of a three-node pilot network. Furthermore, self-powering by means of direct energy harvesting from the water flowing through the sensing node was also demonstrated. The robustness and low cost of this solution enable its upscaling to larger monitoring networks, paving the way to water monitoring with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. Document type: Article