Abstract

Nearly 40% of the world’s population lives within 100 kilometres of the coast with the risk that this implies in terms of exposure to the effects of climate change. Ocean energy, according to the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in 2019, has been identified as one of the measures for mitigating these effects. In addition, ocean energy can play an essential role in achiev‐ ing some of the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) set at the Paris Climate Summit in 2015, namely SDG 7 (clean and affordable energy) and SDG 13 (climate action) and could have a substan‐ tial impact on others such as SDG 1 (poverty eradication), SDG 2 (end hunger), SDG 5 (gender equality), SDG 6 (universal energy access), SDG 8 (promote sustainable economic growth), SDG 9 (build resilient infrastructure), SDG 14 (sustainable conservation of oceans and seas) and SDG 17 (promote sustainable development cooperation). There are several projects under development around the world aimed at extracting energy from waves. However, to date, no technology has been found that, in general terms, is superior to others. There are several conditioning factors that prevent this type of energy from reaching the level of maturity of other marine renewable energies. These are mainly economic, technological, environmental, and regulatory, to mention the most important. This article aims to analyse the approaches that other researchers have adopted to evaluate wave energy projects and, through a prospective method of expert consultation such as the Delphi meth‐ odology, will present the most generally accepted criteria for successful wave energy projects. Sub‐ sequently, the validity of these results will be analysed for the case of the use of the energy produced for self‐consumption in ports.

Abstract

Abstract

Within the framework of the United Nations' 2030 Agenda, this study analyzes the role of the energy sector in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Through a resource-based approach, it investigates the elements facilitating SDG implementation in global energy companies, distinguishing between renewable energy and fossil fuel firms. Using empirical analysis with data from 522 companies in the sector, the methodologies of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) are combined to understand the factors driving SDG implementation in this industry. The results reveal significant differences between renewable energy and fossil fuel companies regarding the effectiveness of facilitative elements, highlighting the complexity of implementing SDGs in the energy sector. This study contributes to understanding how energy companies can leverage their resources and capabilities to align with the 2030 Agenda, providing guidance for change agents in the energy transition.