Abstract

With the increase in air transport, the transport of animals has grown, too. According to the International Association for Transport Companies, more than 500,000 animals are transported by airlines annually. Problems are caused by inadequate cages, an absence of health certificates, differences in temperature, insufficient oxygen and bad treatment. The European Convention for Protection of Animals during International Transport is divided into two parts: general rules and special rules. The latter include items such as means of transport, the same sort of animals being together and no overcrowding. National rules also exist and may include special rules for animals which are taken into the cabin. The US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) allows each airline to decide whether or not to allow a person to travel with a pet in the passenger cabin. The rules are similar to the above European Convention of 1968. Keywords: animals; federal aviation administration (FAA); international transpor Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Abstract

Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is defined as an integrated and comprehensive approach to ocean governance. Planning has the potential to ensure ecosystem and biodiversity conservation and establish rational use of marine space, combining activities relating to extraction industries, maritime transport, fisheries and related services and infrastructure. This article looks at what part transnational and national marine spatial planning can play in the Arctic. There is no international convention on marine spatial planning, and there are no requirements under international law that marine plans, as such, should be prescribed by law. MSP-regulation in different jurisdictions is diversified. It is difficult to claim that the international rights and obligations of a state under UNCLOS, CBD or regional instruments such as OSPAR, need to be fulfilled through the instrument of marine spatial planning. The comprehensive EU approach to marine planning is thus of particular interest. The EU members Denmark, Finland and Sweden do not have coastlines bordering the Arctic. EU has no direct influence over the regulation of marine spatial planning in Arctic marine areas through its relationship to Greenland or Norway, states with a close connection to the EU. The status of marine spatial planning in the European Arctic is thus dependent on the policies of Norway, Greenland and Russia. It is an open question whether spatial planning will be used for preventive and precautionary purposes in the Arctic, before the area is overwhelmed by marine activities and spatial conflicts. publishedVersion Document type: Article