Abstract

Since the industrial revolution, the economic development of Western Europe and North America was characterized by continuous urbanization accompanied by a gradual phasing-in of urban land property rights over time. Today, however, the evidence in many fast urbanizing low-income countries points towards a different trend of “urbanization without formalization”, with potentially adverse effects on long-term economic growth. This paper aims to understand the causes and the consequences of this phenomenon, and whether informal city growth could be a transitory or a persistent feature of developing economies. A dynamic stochastic equilibrium model of a representative city is developed, which explicitly accounts for the joint dynamics of land property rights and urbanization. The calibrated baseline model describes a city that first grows informally, with the growth of individual incomes leading to a phased-in purchase of property rights in subsequent periods. The model demonstrates that land tenure informality does not necessarily vanish in the long term, and the social optimum does not necessarily imply a fully formal city, neither in the transition, nor in the long run. The welfare effects of policies, such as reducing the cost of land tenure formalization, or protecting informal dwellers against evictions are subsequently investigated, throughout the short-term transition and in the long-term stationary state. Document type: Book

Abstract

This article compares the costs of public road and rail regional passenger transport in the district of Pardubice. The article contains the differences in unit costs between two means of transport, the objective point of view of the road and rail transport costs in the Pardubice region. The topic of solution is the classification of the differences in costs for road and rail passenger transport, because road transport does not include costs for road infrastucture and travel reimbursement for the use of other infrastructure. Příspěvek řeší porovnání nákladů na veřejnou silniční a železniční regionální osobní dopravu v Pardubickém kraji. Bude provedena analýza nákladů na silniční a železniční osobní dopravu, vymezen rozdíl v nákladovosti obou druhů dopravy, analýza jednotkových nákladů na dopravní výkon, objektivizace pohledu na nákladovost silniční a železniční dopravy v Pardubickém kraji. Předmětem řešení bude identifikace rozdílu v nákladech u silniční a železniční osobní dopravy, protože v silniční dopravě se nezapočítávají náklady na dopravní a cestu úhrada za použití ostatní infrastruktury.