Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Commercial cars start to include more automated functions it becomes difficult for drivers to understand how and when to use them safely. While general HMI recommendations for partially automated cars have been made, it is unclear how drivers should be supported during the initial use period. Recommendations for a tutor system that guides drivers in their initial use of partially automated cars are necessary. To gain inspiration for such a tutor system, we examined the existing communication loop of driving instructors and their students. Driving instructors and their students were video recorded during regular driving lessons. The tutoring patterns that were found (i.e. situation and student adaptive feedback, student adaptive tasks, body movements for correcting and requesting actions) during the initial qualitative analysis are discussed. Furthermore, we suggest methods how to implement the tutoring patterns in a tutor system to support drivers in the use partially automated cars.

Abstract

Client centricity has been defined as one of the core directions for developing Russian strategy for social and economic development. Therefore, reviewing international practice of measuring client centricity in public administration is an urgent and relevant task. The objective of the study is to review international practice of using client-centric performance indicators in public administration and identifying the key trends of such practice which could be used for improving client orientation in the Russian public administration. The subject of the review includes performance indicators used for measuring and evaluating client-centric public administration by international organizations and foreign governments. The paper applies generic analytical scientific methods such as case study, content analysis, and comparative analysis. The study is based on review of international and Russian literature as well as official documents issued by public authorities. The study results include a review of international practice of evaluating client centricity in public service delivery as well as in performing regulatory and enforcement functions. The paper also reviews the impact of digital transformation of public administration on improving client centricity and analysis the existing approaches to forming composite indicators for measuring client centricity. The study concludes that there is significant international practice of using performance indicators reflecting government client centricity and representing the interests of citizens and businesses in public administration performance outcomes, i.e. improving accessibility and quality of public services, ensuring integrity-based and non-discriminatory approach to public service delivery, extending the opportunities for public participation in developing, monitoring, and evaluating public policies, and ensuring adequate protection of public values from risks. Citizen satisfaction with public service delivery (especially in areas such as health and education services) is among the most used performance indicator. Noteworthy, this indicator is not limited to measuring satisfaction with service delivery procedures. On the contrary, citizen satisfaction with quality of public services rendered is considered, too. Government digital transformation allows for integrating client centricity indicators in the processes of managing public service delivery and execution of other types of government functions. The key methods used for data collection include sociological surveys (of citizens, businesses, public servants), various feedback forms used in the process of public service delivery, and expert-based specialized assessments. The novelty of the paper is the broad approach to understanding client centricity as a means to acknowledge, ensure, and protect human rights and freedoms. The study demonstrates that achieving client centricity in public administration calls for introducing the practice of evaluating public administration performance from a citizen viewpoint. To undertake such evaluation, the paper recommends using a composite index measuring governance performance from the citizen viewpoint. Such index may be estimated based on the results of sociological surveys.