Abstract

Adult performance of high ability individuals has seldom been researched. Current results suggest that adult excellence occurs at lower rates than high ability individuals identified in their infancy or youth, with few cases of high intellectual abilities among adults that yield excellence products. This paper focuses on the analysis of the relative frequency of biographical traits that are associated with high ability as well as to the opportunities that allow building particular knowledge structures that are non-conventional and support innovation in people who excelled. A retrospective biographical analysis was performed on a sample of 120 individuals that generated renowned excellence products, in different fields, in the XXth century. Variables associated to high abilities were: precocity; learning problems; social problems in school; and academic excellence. And the variables associated with the generation of knowledge structures that support innovation were: academic-professional continuity; strong influence of particular individuals; and high productivity. Significant differences were found, showing a low presence of the first four variables and a higher presence of the last three. It follows that the trajectory towards excellence does not seem to correlate with a high level of intellectual resources but with a certain use of sufficient resources, whether cerebral or external technological support.

Abstract

International audience; We detail an empirical animation study to assess how display design and user spatial ability and training might influence visuospatial decision-making with animated displays showing aircraft movements. We present empirical results of a visuospatial detection task with moving objects, based on response accuracy and response time, including a descriptive eye-movement analysis. We found significant differences in a visuospatial detection task of moving objects across animation design types and domain expertise levels based on viewers' visuospatial skill differences. With this empirical approach, we hope to better understand how users explore and extract information from animated displays. Based on these results, we aim to further develop empirically validated animation display design guidelines to increase their efficiency and effectiveness for decision-making with and about moving objects.; Nous présentons en détail une expérimentation évaluant des tâches utilisateurs dans un contexte de visualisation dynamique représentant des mouvements d'avions sur une interface de contrôle aérien. Nous cherchons à évaluer l'influence des principes d'affichage et du niveau d'expertise sur les aptitudes spatiales des participants à prendre des décisions. L'évaluation est basée sur l'exactitude des réponses données, le temps de réponse, et analyse descriptive des mouvements oculaires (eye tracking). Nous constatons des différences significatives dans la détection visuelle et spatiale d'objets en mouvement, selon le type d'animation et le niveau d'expertise des utilisateurs. À l'aide de cette expérimentation, nous espérons mieux comprendre comment les utilisateurs examinent, interprètent et extraient des connaissances à partir d'affichages dynamiques. À partir de ces résultats, nous souhaitons dégager des principes directeurs qui nous permettrons d'améliorer la conception d'animation, nous cherchons ainsi à accroître l'efficacité dans les prises de décisions des utilisateurs considérant la visualisation d'objets en mouvement.

Abstract

Im Folgenden wird es um das Wechselspiel von Kompetenzen und Orientierungen der Akteure mit dem handlungsleitenden Diskurs und den Auftragslagen in der Sozialen Arbeit gehen. Dabei wird auf den Kompetenzerwerb von Pädagog/innen und Sozialarbeiter/innen fokussiert, die Soziale Arbeit für eine „mobile“ Gesellschaft konzipieren und anbieten. Das Phänomen des Widerspruchs zwischen dem selbstverständlichen Umgang mit kultureller alltäglicher Diversität und dem professionellen Handeln in den Institutionen wird ein weiteres Thema sein. (DIPF/Orig.) Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Abstract

Students in complex visual domains must acquire visual problem solving strategies that allow them to make fast decisions and come up with good solutions to real-time problems. In this study, 31 air traffic controllers at different levels of expertise (novice, intermediate, expert) were confronted with 9 problem situations depicted on a radar screen. Participants were asked to provide the optimal order of arrival of all depicted aircrafts. Eye-movements, time-on-task, perceived mental effort, and task performance were recorded. Eye-tracking data revealed that novices use inefficient means-end visual problem solving strategies in which they primarily focus on the destination of aircraft. Higher levels of expertise yield visual problem solving strategies characterized by more efficient retrieval of relevant information and more efficient scan paths. Furthermore, experts’ solutions were more similar than intermediates’ solutions and intermediates’ solutions were more similar than novices’ solutions. Performance measures showed that experts and intermediates reached better solutions than novices, and that experts were faster and invested less mental effort than intermediates and novices. These findings may help creating eye-movement modeling examples for the teaching of visual problem solving strategies in complex visual domains.

Abstract

The present work was undertaken as part of two cooperation programmes between French and Vietnamese local governments: one involving the Ile-de-France Region and Hanoi People’s Committee, the other the Rhone- Alpes Region and Ho Chi Minh City People’s Committee. It was published with financial support from the Cooperation and Cultural Action Office (SCAC) of the French Embassy in Vietnam. Gathered here are the main results obtained by the Franco-Vietnamese research teams involved in the Urban Research Programme for Development (PRUD) funded by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As the outcome of joint concertation, it illustrates the coherence between the various French cooperation programmes in Vietnam.; International audience; The research presented here attempts to define the issues at stake in urban development in Vietnam under the economic and demographic push induced by the transition from a centralized planned economy to a globalized market economy, and by strong urban population growth. Processes at work such as international integration and fast-growing metropolisation, speeded up economic development, devolution/decentralization of urban management authorities, modernization of housing patterns, poorly controlled peri-urban urbanization, mutations in the management of urban services, etc., all require strengthening of skills for urban project management and local government.