Abstract

Flexibility of small loads, in particular from Electric Vehicles (EVs), has recently attracted a lot of interest due to their possibility of participating in the energy market and the new commercial potentials. Different from existing work, the aggregation technique proposed in this paper produces flexible aggregated loads from EVs taking into account technical market requirements. The flexible aggregated loads can be further traded in the day-ahead market by a Balance Responsible Party (BRP) via the so-called flexible orders. As a result, the BRP can achieve more than 19% cost reduction in energy purchase based on the 2017 real electricity prices from Danish electricity market. Peer Reviewed

Abstract

The electric vehicle is presented as an environmental friendly alternative to common vehicles and as the future of transportation. However, car manufacturers consider that electric vehicle batteries are not useful for traction purposes when they reach a state of health of 80%. Thus, as a matter of fact, these batteries are sold knowing that they have a premature obsolescence, as they still have 80% of useful capacity that could be used elsewhere. This study analyzes economically and in terms of ageing performance the possibility to provide a second life to these batteries in buildings. The study presents several scenarios depending on the battery use, considering independent buildings or getting closer to the concept of smart grid with demand response services where buildings could participate in secondary electricity markets by means of an energy aggregator. Moreover, the study analyzes the existing European markets that allow aggregated demand response services. Results show that, effectively, the reuse of batteries for residential purposes might not be the best economical option even though their lifespan is enlarged four years more. Nonetheless, if they are able to participate in secondary electricity markets in addition to their normal use in buildings, the business becomes juicy enough having a relatively low impact on ageing. The promotion of electric vehicle battery reuse is necessary, as there is a large amount of batteries with a huge useful potential in stationary applications coming in the nearby future from the electric vehicles that have been sold during the last five years. If possible, car manufacturers should consider eco-design in order to facilitate this battery repurposing and lifespan enlargement. Peer Reviewed