Abstract

International audience; Message from the Program Chairs We are delighted to welcome you to the 27th edition of the International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems (RTNS), in Toulouse, France. RTNS is a friendly conference with a great sense of community that offers excellent opportunities for collaboration as well as a high-quality technical program. RTNS publishes papers addressing temporal issues in any area of computation and communication, at any level of abstraction, and in any application domain.This year we received 37 submissions and accepted 20 papers. The reviewing process involved 44 program committee members, who were assisted by 22 additional reviewers. Each submission received at least three reviews. Among the accepted papers, 4 outstanding papers were chosen, which are highlighted in the program, from which a separate committee selected one best paper and one best student paper. The conference program features a keynote talk giving a view on future challenges for the real-time community by Prof. Marko Bertogna (University of Modena, Italy), an industrial session on real-time challenges in four selected industrial application domains: automotive engine control systems (by Continental AG); automatic air transport (by Thales AVS France); electric smart grid substation automation systems (by SCLE-SFE, Groupe ENGIE); deterministic networking (by Cisco), and 6 technical sessions for accepted papers: analysis and validation; fault-tolerance, security, and data-flow; networking I and II; processor scheduling; and synchronization, preemption, and coordination. The main conference is also again complemented by the Junior Researcher Workshop on Real-Time Computing (JRWRTC), which is now in its 13th successful year.We would like to thank our many colleagues who have contributed to the success of RTNS 2019. First of all, we thank the Steering Committee for trusting us to manage the technical aspects of the conference. We also owe sincere thanks to all the PC members and reviewers who completed the crucial reviewing and shepherding work for the conference. The conference simply would not have been possible without the significant and sustained efforts of our General Chair, Jérôme Ermont (IRIT, ENSEEIHT, France), and the 5 members of the Local Organization Committee, who coordinated all aspects of the conference venue, web site, and the event itself. We also are grateful to the JRWRTC co-Chairs Antonio Paolillo (ULB, Belgium) and Benjamin Rouxel (UVA, Netherlands), and to the 15 members of the Workshop Committee for their efforts. Last but not least, we would like to thank the authors of all submitted papers – by entering your work into the process of review, critique, and possible rejection, even papers that were not accepted have helped to drive the important process of advancement in our field. We know it can be frustrating to have a paper rejected, but we hope that for each paper the reviewing feedback was helpful. Finally, we would like to thank the participants attending RTNS 2019 in Toulouse. We hope you will enjoy the technical program, the social events, and the conference venue and its surroundings! Ye-Qiong Song (LORIA - Université de Lorraine, France)Christopher Gill (Washington University in St. Louis, USA)RTNS 2019 Program Committee co-Chairs.

Abstract

Nowadays, autonomous driving revolution is getting closer to reality. To achieve the Autonomous driving the first step is to develop the Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS). Driver-assistance systems are one of the fastest-growing segments in automotive electronics since already there are many forms of ADAS available. To investigate state of art of development of ADAS towards Autonomous Driving, we develop Systematic Mapping Study (SMS). SMS methodology is used to collect, classify, and analyze the relevant publications. A classification is introduced based on the developments carried out in ADAS towards Autonomous driving. According to SMS methodology, we identified 894 relevant publications about ADAS and its developmental journey toward Autonomous Driving completed from 2012 to 2016. We classify the area of our research under three classifications: technical classifications, research types and research contributions. The related publications are classified under thirty-three technical classifications. This thesis sheds light on a better understanding of the achievements and shortcomings in this area. By evaluating collected results, we answer our seven research questions. The result specifies that most of the publications belong to the Models and Solution Proposal from the research type and contribution. The least number of the publications belong to the Automated…Autonomous driving from the technical classification which indicated the lack of publications in this area. 

Abstract

Modern vehicles have electrical architectures whose complexity grows year after year due to feature growth corresponding to customer expectations. The latest of the expectations, automation of the dynamic driving task however, is poised to bring about some of the largest changes seen so far. In one fell swoop, not only does required functionality for automated driving drastically increase the system complexity, it also removes the fall-back of the human driver who is usually relied upon to handle unanticipated failures after the fact. The need to architect thus requires a greater rigour than ever before, to maintain the level of safety that has been associated with the automotive industry. The work that is part of this thesis has been conducted, in close collaboration with our industrial partner Scania CV AB, within the Vinnova FFI funded project ARCHER. This thesis aims to provide a methodology for architecting during the concept phase of development, using industrial practices and principles including those from safety standards such as ISO 26262. The main contributions of the thesis are in two areas. The first area i.e. Part A contributes, (i) an analysis of the challenges of architecting automated driving, and serves as a motivation for the approach taken in the rest of this thesis, i.e. Part B where the contributions include, (ii) a definition of a viewpoint for functional safety according to the definitions of ISO 42010, (iii) a method to systematically extract information from legacy components and (iv) a process to use legacy information and architect in the presence of uncertainty to provide a work product, the Preliminary Architectural Assumptions (PAA), as required by ISO 26262. The contributions of Part B together comprise a methodology to architect the PAA.   A significant challenge in working with the industry is finding the right fit between idealized principles and practical utility. The methodology in Part B has been judged fit for purpose by different parts of the organization at Scania and multiple case studies have been conducted to assess its usefulness in collaboration with senior architects. The methodology was found to be conducive in both, generating the PAA of a quality that was deemed suitable to the organization and, to find inadequacies in the architecture that had not been found earlier using the previous non-systematic methods. The benefits have led to a commissioning of a prototype tool to support the methodology that has begun to be used in projects related to automation at Scania. The methodology will be refined as the projects progress towards completion using the experiences gained. A further impact of the work is seen in two patent filings that have originated from work on the case studies in Part B. Emanating from needs discovered during the application of the methods, these filed patents (with no prior publications) outline the future directions of research into reference architectures augmented with safety policies, that are safe in the presence of detectable faults and failures. To aid verification of these ideas, work has begun on identifying critical scenarios and their elements in automated driving, and a flexible simulation platform is being designed and developed at KTH to test the chosen critical scenarios. Efterfrågan på nya funktioner leder till en ständigt ökande komplexitet i moderna fordon, speciellt i de inbyggda datorsystemen. Införande av autonoma fordon utgör inte bara det mest aktuella exemplet på detta, utan medför också en av de största förändringar som fordonsbranschen sett. Föraren, som ”back-up” för att hantera oväntade situationer och fel, finns inte längre där vid höggradig automation, och motsvarande funktioner måste realiseras i de inbyggda system vilket ger en drastisk komplexitetsökning. Detta ställer systemarkitekter för stora utmaningar för att se till att nuvarande nivå av funktionssäkerhet bibehålls. Detta forskningsarbete har utförts i nära samarbete med Scania CV AB i det Vinnova (FFI)-finansierade projektet ARCHER. Denna licentiatavhandling har som mål att ta fram en metodik för konceptutveckling av arkitekturer, förankrat i industriell praxis och principer, omfattande bl.a. de som beskrivs i funktionssäkerhetsstandards som ISO 26262. Avhandlingen presenterar resultat inom två områden. Det första området, del A, redovisar, (i) en analys av utmaningar inom arkitekturutveckling för autonoma fordon, vilket också ger en motivering för resterande del av avhandlingen. Det andra området, del B, redovisar, (ii) en definition av en ”perspektivmodell” (en s.k. ”viewpoint” enligt ISO 42010) för funktionssäkerhet, (iii) en metod för att systematiskt utvinna information från existerande komponenter, och (iv) en process som tar fram en arbetsprodukt för ISO 26262 – Preliminära Arkitektur-Antaganden (PAA). Denna process använder sig av information från existerande komponenter – resultat (iii) och förenklar hantering av avsaknad/osäker information under arkitekturarbetet. Resultaten från del B utgör tillsammans en metodik för att ta fram en PAA. En utmaning i forskning är att finna en balans mellan idealisering och praktisk tillämpbarhet. Metodiken i del B har utvärderats i flertalet industriella fallstudier på Scania i samverkan med seniora arkitekter från industrin, och har av dessa bedömts som relevant och praktiskt tillämpningsbar. Erfarenheterna visar att metodiken stödjer framtagandet av PAA’s av   lämplig kvalitet och ger ett systematiskt sätt att hantera osäkerhet under arkitekturutvecklingen. Specifikt så gjorde metoden det möjligt att identifiera komponent-felmoder där arkitekturen inte var tillräcklig för åstadkomma önskad riskreducering, begränsningar som inte hade upptäckts med tidigare metoder. Ett prototypverktyg för att stödja metodiken har utvecklats och börjat användas på Scania i projekt relaterade till autonoma fordon. Metodiken kommer sannolikt att kunna förfinas ytterligare när dessa projekt går mot sitt slut och mer erfarenheter finns tillgängliga. Arbetet i del B har vidare lett till två patentansökningar avseende koncept som framkommit genom fallstudierna. Dessa koncept relaterar till referensarkitekturer som utökats med policies för personsäkerhet (Eng. ”safety”) för att hantera detekterbara felfall, och pekar ut en riktning för framtida forskning. För att stödja verifiering av dessa koncept har arbete inletts för att identifiera kritiska scenarios för autonom körning. En flexibel simuleringsplattform håller också på att designas för att kunna testa kritiska scenarios. Vinnova-FFI funded Project ARCHER

Abstract

International audience; ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) algorithms increasingly use heavy image processing operations. To embed this type of algorithms, semiconductor companies offer many heterogeneous architectures. These SoCs (System on Chip) are composed of different processing units, with different capabilities, and often with massively parallel computing unit. Due to the complexity of these SoCs, predicting if a given algorithm can be executed in real time on a given architecture is not trivial. In fact it is not a simple task for automotive industry actors to choose the most suited heterogeneous SoC for a given application. Moreover, embedding complex algorithms on these systems remains a difficult task due to heterogeneity, it is not easy to decide how to allocate parts of a given algorithm on the different computing units of a given SoC. In order to help automotive industry in embedding algorithms on heterogeneous architectures, we propose a novel approach to predict performances of image processing algorithms applicable on different types of computing units. Our methodology is able to predict a more or less wide interval of execution time with a degree of confidence using only high level description of algorithms, and a few characteristics of computing units.

Abstract

Orientador: Niederauer Mastelari Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T18:11:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cardoso_RaulMariano_M.pdf: 9927638 bytes, checksum: f9633c7839661e2f914d88b7d438913e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 Resumo: Os computadores como conhecemos não são mais a maioria de dispositivos que se comunicam utilizando a Internet. Há alguns anos uma tendência pode ser observada neste sentido: "coisas" recebem pequenos computadores, e são representadas virtualmente, gerando informações de valor aos seus usuários. Esta nova fase de desenvolvimento da sociedade da informação é conhecida como "Internet das Coisas" e tem afetado tanto a relação das pessoas com a vida cotidiana, quanto os modelos de negócio correntes. Este trabalho mostra como esta tendência tecnológica, inserida no contexto dos Sistemas de Transportes, pode gerar aplicações de grande relevância. Com este objetivo, metodologias que pudessem embasar o projeto foram buscadas. Um modelo arquitetural de referência foi utilizado para embasar o projeto e design de um sistema distribuído focado em aplicações específicas. A tecnologia RFID foi utilizada, com leitores e etiquetas eletrônicas, para projetar um arranjo de dispositivos que identifique os veículos e detecte sua presença nas entradas e saídas de um local restrito de interesse. Microcontroladores de baixo custo, de código aberto, tanto em hardware quanto em software, e com capacidade de se comunicar através da Internet também foram definidos por este projeto. Localmente, estes dispositivos filtram informações, mantêm bases de dados reduzidas, monitoram sensores e controlam atuadores. Para gerenciar os dispositivos desta rede, é proposta a utilização de serviços na rede, estabelecendo assim a possibilidade de uma arquitetura em nuvem. Este servidor, por sua vez, deve coordenar os dispositivos distribuídos, obtendo informações da rede que devem sincronizar os bancos de dados e também prover informações de estado dos controladores. O foco principal é o estabelecimento de uma arquitetura e infraestrutura que possam suportar as aplicações propostas. Um estudo de caso foi realizado considerando o campus da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. A primeira aplicação viável de um projeto como este é o controle de acesso veicular ao campus universitário, através da implantação de leitores RFID nas portarias, em conjunto com controladores, cancelas automáticas e sensores de presença. Isso motivou o desenvolvimento de uma prova de conceito. A instrumentação das portarias permite que os veículos sejam automaticamente identificados quando adentram o espaço restrito do campus, gerando informações de valor para outras aplicações possíveis. Dentre as aplicações previstas estão: controle de estacionamento privativo automático, sinalização interativa através de placas eletrônicas, informação de horários de transporte coletivo e elaboração de relatórios periódicos sobre o trânsito. Para que todas estas aplicações sejam disponibilizadas a comunidade, serão necessários trabalhos futuros de pesquisa e desenvolvimento Abstract: Computers as we know are no longer the majority of devices that communicate using the Internet. A few ago years a trend can be observed in this direction: "things" get small computers, and are represented virtually generating information of value to its users. This new phase of development of the information society is known as the "Internet of Things" and has affected both people's relationship with everyday life, as the current business models. This work shows how this technological trend, inside the context of Transportation Systems, can generate highly relevant applications. With this objective, methodologies that could base the project were sought. An architectural reference model was used to support the project and design of a distributed system focused on specific applications. RFID technology was used with electronic tags and readers, to develop a devices arrangement that identifies vehicles and detect their presence in the inputs and outputs of a restricted location of interest. Low cost, open source and Internet ready devices were also described for work¿s interest. Locally, these devices filter information, maintain reduced data bases, monitor sensors and control actuators. To manage the devices was proposed the use of network services, establishing the possibility of cloud architecture. The server must coordinate the distributed devices, getting information from the network that must synchronize the databases and also provide status information of the controllers. The main focus is to establish an architecture and infrastructure that can support the proposed applications. A case study was designed aiming the campus of the State University of Campinas. The first viable implementation of such a project is the control of vehicular access to the campus, through the installation of RFID readers, controllers, automatic barriers and presence sensors. That result in a deployed proof of concept. The instrumentation of the campus access allows vehicles to be automatically identified when they enter the restricted space of the campus, generating valuable information for other possible applications. Among the intended applications include: automatic control of private parking, signaling through interactive electronic boards, information on public transportation schedules and reporting generation about transit. In order to all these applications are available for the community, needed further in research and development Mestrado Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico Mestre em Engenharia Mecânic

Abstract

Conference of 10th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems, SIES 2015 ; Conference Date: 8 June 2015 Through 10 June 2015; Conference Code:116797; International audience; Many-core architectures are promising hardware to design hard real-time systems as they are based on simpler and thus more predictable processors than multi-core systems. However, the worst-case behavior of the Network-on-Chip (NoC) for both inter-core and core to external memories or peripherals communications must be established. Several NoCs targeting hard real-time systems, made of specific hardware extensions, have been designed. However, none of these extensions are currently available in commercially existing NoC-based many-core architectures, that instead rely on wormhole switching with round-robin arbitration. In this paper, we thus demonstrate three properties of such NoC-based wormhole networks to identify worst-case scenarios and reduce the pessimism when modeling flows in contentions. We then describe and evaluate an algorithm to compute Worst-Case Traversal Time (WCTT) of flows that uses these properties. In particular, our results show that the pessimism can be reduced up to 50% compared to current state-of-the-art real-time packet schedulability analysis.

Abstract

Heterogeneous multicore systems have gained momentum, specially for embedded applications, thanks to the performance and energy consumption trade-offs provided by inorder and out-of-order cores. Micro-architectural simulation models the behavior of pipeline structures and caches with configurable parameters. This level of abstraction is well known for being flexible enough to quickly evaluate the performance of new hardware implementations, such as future heterogeneous multicore platforms. However, currently, there is no open-source micro-architectural simulator supporting both in-order and out-of-order ARM cores. This article describes the implementation and accuracy evaluation of a micro-architectural simulator of Cortex-A cores, supporting in-order and out-of-order pipelines and based on the open-source gem5 simulator. We explain how to simulate CortexA8 and Cortex-A9 cores in gem5, and compare the execution time of ten benchmarks with real hardware. Both models, with average absolute errors of only 7 %, are more accurate than similar microarchitectural simulators, which show average absolute errors greater than 15 %.

Abstract

International audience; Long pipelines need good branch predictors to keep the pipeline running. Current branch predictors are optimized for the average case, which might not be a good fit for real-time systems and worst- case execution time analysis.This paper presents a time-predictable branch predictor co-designed with the associated worst-case execution time analysis. The branch predictor uses a fully-associative cache to track branch outcomes and destination addresses. The fully-associative cache avoids any false sharing of entries between branches. Therefore, we can analyze program scopes that contain a number of branches lower than or equal to the number of branches in the prediction table. Experimental results show that the worst-case execution time bounds of programs using the proposed predictor are lower than using static branch predictors at a moderate hardware cost.