Abstract

International audience; Incident reporting is a very well-known technique in application domains such as air traffic management and health, where specialized users are trained to provide detailed information about problems. Incident reporting systems are indeed complex systems that include many actors including the users reporting incidents, user’s colleagues and neighbors, stakeholders, policymakers, systems integrations. Incident report systems might change (positively or negatively) the users’ environment in many ways. In recent years, this kind of technique has been also been used in crisis management such as the hurricane Katrina. However, despite the fact that incident reporting systems using mobile technology are becoming more common, little is known about its actual use by the general population and which factors affect the user experience when using such system. In this paper we discuss the use of incident reporting system in critical context of use. In this paper we discuss the use of incident reporting system in several application domains. In particular we report findings in terms of dimensions that are aimed to identify social and technical aspects that can affect the design, development and use of incident reporting systems. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Abstract

In this research, the effects of culture, cognitions, and emotions on crisis management and prevention are analysed. An agent-based crowd evacuation simulation model was created, named IMPACT, to study the evacuation process from a transport hub. To extend previous research, various socio-cultural, cognitive, and emotional factors were modelled, including: language, gender, familiarity with the environment, emotional contagion, prosocial behaviour, falls, group decision making, and compliance. The IMPACT model was validated against data from an evacuation drill using the existing EXODUS evacuation model. Results show that on all measures, the IMPACT model is within or close to the prescribed boundaries, thereby establishing its validity. Structured simulations with the validated model revealed important findings, including: the effect of doors as bottlenecks, social contagion speeding up evacuation time, falling behaviour not affecting evacuation time significantly, and travelling in groups being more beneficial for evacuation time than travelling alone. This research has important practical applications for crowd management professionals, including transport hub operators, first responders, and risk assessors. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Abstract

Crises and disasters (Eyjafjallajökull and Deepwater Horizon 2010, Fukushima Daiichi 2011, and more recently the wildfire in Sweden 2018) have made it obvious that a more resilient approach to preparing for and dealing with such events is needed. This paper presents the results of the H2020 DARWIN project, which contributes to improving responses to expected and unexpected crises affecting critical infrastructures and social structures, whether man-made events (e.g. cyber-attacks) or natural events (e.g. earthquakes). The main result of the Darwin project is the creation of the DARWIN Resilience Management Guidelines (DRMG). The DRMG are evolving guidelines, designed to improve the ability of stakeholders to monitor, anticipate and learn from crises, and thereby allow them to adapt and respond more effectively and operate more efficiently during disasters. These guidelines are not prescriptive. Instead, they enable organizations to have a critical view of their own crisis management activities. The target beneficiaries of DARWIN are crisis management managers and practitioners responsible for public safety, such as critical infrastructures and service providers, which might be affected by a crisis, as well as the public and media. The DRMG are not meant to be dust-collectors on a shelf. To this end, they have been made into a variety of formats to support their evolution, ease of use and maintenance. Within this paper, the reader is introduced to the DRMG in its different formats, as well as a host of innovative tools (e.g. DRMG Wiki, serious gaming, training packages) developed by the project to support resilience management learning and the uptake of the guidelines. A multidisciplinary approach is applied, involving experts in the field of resilience, crisis and risk management, social media, and service providers in the air traffic management and healthcare domains. To ensure transnational, cross-sector applicability, long-term relevance and uptake of project results, the DARWIN Community of Practitioners (DCoP) has been established, with membership including experts and end users from different fields of expertise and from across multiple critical infrastructure domains. The DCoP has been involved in an iterative development and evaluation process to provide feedback on the results. The evaluation in pilot exercises and other activities involved 247 practitioners from 22 countries. The DCoP members contributed with knowledge and experience ensuring the feasibility of adapting them to other critical infrastructure domains. Our achievement is the current version of guidelines and associated innovative tools proposing practical interventions that end-users find useful. This paper includes testimonials of end-users within and outside the consortium. This document represents an invitation to explore the content of the guidelines, to encourage its use and further developments of the resilience management. Concluding Paper of the H2020 DARWIN Project as published 25 March 2019 on www.h2020darwin.eu

Abstract

The paper investigates the ability to learn from an aircraft accident as the opportunities for learning diminish with the decline in the accident rate. A safety compromising case is studied as the processes of aircraft accident intervention and recovery can degrade the ability of an aircraft accident investigation process to enhance aviation safety by revealing accident causation. In the case study an assessment of the Slovenian aircraft accident response system was made. For the purpose of evaluating the successfulness of aircraft accident intervention and effectiveness of recovery, a model of aircraft accident response system requirements has been developed. Based on non-conformances identified by the model of requirements, remedial measures are proposed for the enhancement of the aircraft accident response system operation. Criteria for the definition of the transition from accident intervention to recovery are derived from the assessment findings in a manner not to impede the aircraft accident investigation effectiveness and efficiency. Proučevana je sposobnost učenja na napakah, ki so povzročile letalsko nesreče, saj se število priložnosti za učenje zmanjšuje z upadanjem števila letalskih nesreč. Predmet raziskave je primer z nevarnostnim potencialom, ki predvideva, da procesa intervencije in sanacije po letalski nesreči degradirata zmožnost procesa preiskovanja letalske nesreče, da z ugotovljenimi vzroki za nesrečo poveča raven varnosti v letalstvu. Evalviran je slovenski sistem odzivanja na letalsko nesrečo. Za namen evalvacije uspešnosti intervencije in učinkovitost sanacije po letalski nesreči je pred- stavljen razvit model zahtev za sistem odzivanja na letalsko nesrečo. Na podlagi neskladij, ugotovljenih z modelom zahtev, so predlagani korektivni ukrepi, ki bodo zagotavljali, da bo sistem odzivanja na letalsko nesrečo sposoben izboljševati varnost v letalstvu. Na podlagi ugotovitev presoje pa so izpeljana merila za definicijo trenutka oziroma pogojev prehoda iz intervencije v sanacijo po letalski nesreči na način, ki ne bo negativno vplival na uspešnost in učinkovitost procesa preiskovanja letalske nesreče.

Abstract

TRA 2018, 7th Transport Research Arena, Vienne, AUTRICHE, 16-/04/2018 - 19/04/2018; Especially in inter-country areas, Crisis Management (CM) faces several challenges. Thorough preparation and anticipation are crucial organizational tools to address those challenges and enable proper reaction to crises. CM requires the joint effort of various stakeholders from different countries: public authorities, private companies, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), etc. need to collaborate under specific, locally different regulations. The present paper includes a brief introduction to the state of the art of CM of international railways with special regard to the topics partnerships, leadership & communication as well as training. As part of a research project, a survey with international crisis management experts was conducted. Based on the survey results, a handbook containing transnational recommendations regarding the involved stakeholders and their responsibilities is developed. Of course, existing CM concepts of relevant organizations are taken into consideration for the development. The handbook was discussed with end-users in the course of a project workshop. In addition, when the crisis management is required, the response is coordinated within the framework of the National Crisis Management System (NCMS). The cooperation between these NCMSs leads to the concept of System-of-Systems (SoS). Based on Supervision Control Theory (SCT), we propose a formal model built from decomposition of NCMSs using a multi-model approach. The resulted framework offers a global view of the SoS and resolves problems of system's dependence and of operating mode management. The proposed model is designed by using the High Level Petri Nets (HLPNs) formalism and is illustrated with a crisis of a railway system. The main result of this paper is the comprehensive knowledge of current crisis management strategies in the context of cross-border incidents. Weaknesses in the existing system are identified and two approaches that seek to enhance CM are introduced.