Abstract

Part 5: Co-design Studies; International audience; To enhance the desirability of public transportation, it is important to design for positive travel experience. The context of bus transportation has broad potential for utilization of novel, supplementary digital services beyond travel information. The aim of our research was to study bus passengers’ needs and expectations for future digital services and to develop initial service concept ideas through co-design. To this end, three Idea generating workshops with 24 participants were arranged. Our findings reveal six service themes that can be used as a basis of designing future digital traveling services: (1) Information at a glance while traveling, (2) Entertainment and entertaining activities, (3) Services that support social interaction, (4) Multiple channels to provide travel information, (5) Extra services for better travel experience, and (6) Services that people already expect to have. The themes are discussed and further elaborated in this paper. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Abstract

The tendency of buses to bunch is a problem that was defined almost 50 years ago. Since then, there has been a significant amount of work done on the problem; however, the tendency of the current literature is either to only focus on the surface causes or to rely on simulation to create results instead of model formulation. With GPS installed on many buses throughout the world, the data is only being used for monitoring and informing the user. This research proposes a new approach to solving the problem that uses the GPS data to directly counteract the cause of the bunching by allowing the buses to cooperate with each other and determine their speed based on relative position. A continuum approximation model is presented as a tool to systematically analyze the behavior of the system and test the proposed control. In order to validate the model and the control, a simulation tool is used to model the system in a more realistic, discrete way. The control is shown to produce bounded deviations in spacing consistent with those predicted by the model. The resulting bus system will not bunch with only a small reduction in commercial speed.

Abstract

This project uncovers the role of buses and their riders in shaping Los Angeles urban history in two crucial moments. First, while the private automobile inexorably altered American mobility, the bus quietly became the dominant form of public transit, replacing streetcars by the mid-1950s. I argue the jitney (the precursor to the bus, a short-lived owner/operator business phenomenon throughout the U.S. in the 1910s) directed the shift into automobile-based public transportation by giving riders a choice in transit, ultimately resulting in the end of interurban rail service. Secondly, the movement into public ownership of mass bus transit in the 1950s was inspired in part by riders, resulting in the municipally-directed systems we now find common. This decision to create publicly-owned public transportation occurred in the post-WWII context of Cold War fears of government oppression and socialism, marking transportation as something of an outlier in the cultural construction of social and municipal responsibility. Still, the limitations placed upon transit by Angelinos in the form of funding and planning failures ultimately reinforces the skepticism of government as a provider of services.The dissertation intends to prove that riders directed the movement into road-based public transportation in a quest for more efficient transportation that met their needs more effectively than urban rail. It further analyzes the moral and ethical implications of why 1950s Los Angeles--amid a historical moment actively promoting private mobility in the form of massive federal and state highway programs--chose to assume public control of an erstwhile private industry. Public ownership changed the sort of access into transportation planning and operation, allowing ethical and moral issues (such as the social effect of fare increases, union activity, and unprofitable route service into low income areas) to challenge the dollars-and-cents approach to transportation planning previously, and unsuccessfully, embraced by private ownership. Although the boundaries placed upon public transit by citizens of Los Angeles ultimately emphasize ideas of limited government (in keeping with other Cold War-period studies of American culture), the assumption of public transportation under public ownership in the 1950s was an important change in the cultural interpretation of transit as a social responsibility, rather than a private entrepreneurial opportunity.In each step of this dissertation, riders are the primary catalyst, directing the changes in transit through market forces, through choice in the technology they preferred, or through funding of transit projects. Despite all the urban planning and top-down transit schemes--private or public--riders retained the ability to reshape transit in L.A. in the twentieth century through each moment of the city's transportation history.

Abstract

lotação do veículo é um dos fatores determinantes para a qualidade do transporte público (TP), pois, além do conforto do passageiro, afeta também a confiabilidade da linha, alterando a velocidade média do veículo. Entretanto, na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, uma das maiores operações de ônibus do mundo, é difícil se encontrar implantado algum equipamento de contagem automática de passageiros (APC), provavelmente devido aos custos das tecnologias atuais. Esta pesquisa apresenta os resultados de um método de APC utilizando o sensoriamento por Wi-Fi de telefones móveis dos passageiros embarcados num veículo do TP por ônibus. Para este fim, um protótipo de baixo custo foi desenvolvido e instalado na linha 6500-10 entre o Terminal Santo Amaro e o Terminal Bandeira, durante 7 dias da semana em horários de pico e entre pico. Os dados coletados foram analisados através de ferramentas estatísticas e métodos de análise geográficas. Durante o experimento observou-se que o APC foi capaz de detectar a mudança da ocupação do veículo em 85% dos casos, com uma confiança de até 20% e um erro de até 22 passageiros por medida. Através de dados de posição geográfica foi possível gerar matrizes de carregamento, que permitem inferir a origem e o destino dos passageiros em cada viagem, assim como - para todo o período do experimento - indicar os trechos com maior lotação. Por outro lado, o método não apresentou bons resultados saindo dos terminais e quando a ocupação mudou repentinamente, requerendo estudos posteriores para refinar o algoritmo apresentado. Da mesma maneira, ainda não há como generalizar o método para toda operação, pois, o espaço amostral estudado foi pequeno, deixando como sugestão para pesquisas futuras o aprimoramento deste sistema. The crowdedness of a vehicle is one of the main quality factor of the public transportation (TP) quality, since, besides the comfort, also affect the reliability of the line, changing its average speed. However, the city of São Paulo, Brazil, one of the biggest bus operations of the world, it is difficult to find any automatic passenger counter (APC) equipment deployed, probably due the costs of current technologies. This research shows the results of an APC technology by the sensing of the Wi-Fi signal of smartphones that are boarded in a vehicle on TP by bus. Therefore, a prototype was developed and deployed on the line 6500-10 between the Terminal Santo Amaro and the Terminal Bandeira, during 7 working days of the week on peak and off-peak hours. was analyzed with statistical and geographical tools. During the experiment, it was observed that the Wi-Fi APC was capable of estimate the occupancy of the vehicle 85% of the cases, with a significance level up to 20% and an error up to 22 passengers per estimation. Through the geographical analysis it was generated load matrices, that allow to infer the origin and destination of the passenger in each trip, indicating the sections along the route where were more boarding and alighting. On the other hand, the method did not perform well when coming out of the final stops and when the crowdedness changed suddenly, requiring further analysis to understand how to deal better under these circumstances. Likewise, due to the limited sample utilized in this research, we cannot generalize the results presented, pressing the need for new researches on different operation scenarios.

Abstract

o longo das décadas de 60, 70 e 80, houve um crescimento da taxa de desemprego, em virtude da instalação dos novos arranjos industriais, que conduziram centenas de milhares de trabalhadores a buscar outros postos de trabalho, seja por meio de reciclagem profissional ou economia informal. Esse deslocamento no mercado de trabalho só é viável caso tenha à disposição transporte individual ou coletivo. Esta mercantilização do espaço urbano apontou para um movimento centro-periferia. Este deslocamento se relaciona com a desconcentração espacial e do trabalho e das empresas e centralização do capital. Estes processos incidiram de forma determinante nos serviços de transportes públicos, principalmente por ônibus. Eles mudaram conseqüentemente a configuração da paisagem e do espaço urbano do município de São Paulo. Este fato obrigou centenas de milhares de usuários de transportes coletivos a se adaptarem às novas rotas de comércio, de trabalho, de residências e itinerários de ônibus e de vida, para sobreviverem. Quando desaparecem os lugares socialmente construídos, (residências, praças, ruas, etc), estes se tornam parte das memórias dos habitantes. Tais registros de reminiscências, quando são resgatados, se cristalizam com a construção de uma História local, que se tece por meio das relações materiais de ontem e com as relações afetivas dos homens. The installation of new industrial settlements generated - throughout the decades of 1960, 1970 and 1980 - a growth in the rate of unemployment which may have compelled thousand of hundreds of workers to search for other workplaces. This happened into job recycling or assuming informal activities. Such a displacing in the market labor may only be feasible if there were at disposal public and /or individual transportation. Thus, a commercialization of the urban space succeeded in pointing to a centerperipheral movement. The displacement through the urban areas relates to space of decentralization of plants and labor and of the concentration of the capital. Such processes acted to building a new configuration of the urban transportation services, mainly bus services. They consequently changed the sceneries and the urban spaces of São Paulo town and environment. Such a fact compelled thousand of hundreds of transportation users to adapt to new routes of commerce, of work, of neighborhood so as bus itineraries, in order to maintain their incomes. The places socially constructed by the workers remain only in their memories after they are physically ruined. They become part of the memory of the inhabitants. A part of these memory are here brought back as a register of a Local History, that is woven through material relations in the past of the men and their present-day fondness.

Abstract

Orientador: Sônia Regina da Cal Seixas Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Made available in DSpace on 2019-07-22T14:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HoshinoNeta_CarolinaShizue_M.pdf: 1735861 bytes, checksum: 0a5ccf53088192b63d7df4d941d4fb5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 Resumo: A mobilidade urbana bem planejada, com sistemas integrados e sustentáveis, é um elemento facilitador ao desenvolvimento e fundamental à qualidade de vida nas cidades. O uso do BRT como alternativa de transporte público tem se expandido em vários países em função do seu custo-benefício atrativo para o Desenvolvimento Orientado ao Transporte Sustentável (DOTS). Ao longo deste trabalho, buscou-se analisar os impactos da implementação do Projeto BRT Belém nas emissões atmosféricas a partir da metodologia Emissions Evaluation Models for Projects (TEEMP). Para isso, foram avaliados critérios do Padrão de Qualidade BRT, incluindo aspectos das categorias BRT Básico, Planejamento dos Serviços, Infraestrutura, Estações, Comunicações, Acesso e Integração e Deduções de Operações. Também foram inseridos dados específicos do projeto na planilha de cálculo do modelo, para que os cenários de reduções de emissões fossem simulados, um com a implementação do BRT Belém e outro sem, considerando um horizonte de 20 anos. Os resultados demonstraram que o sistema terá potencial de evitar a emissão de 196.992,2 t de CO2e, 4,8 t de MP e 631,7 t de NOx. Além disso, contabilizaria uma economia de 79 milhões de litros de combustível em uma redução de 230,5 milhões de quilômetros percorridos. Embora os modelos de cenários tenham indicado resultados positivos a respeito da redução de emissões atmosféricas e co-benefícios, ao compararmos ao potencial de desempenho de outros BRTs do Brasil e do mundo, é possível perceber que o desempenho está aquém do potencial que esse tipo de equipamento poderia ter, havendo pontos de melhoria a serem atentados Abstract: Well-planned urban mobility, with integrated and sustainable systems, is a facilitating element for development and fundamental to the quality of life in cities. The use of BRT as an alternative public transport has expanded in several countries due to its attractive cost-benefit for Transit Oriented Development (TOD). Throughout this work, we sought to analyze the impacts of the implementation of the project BRT Belém in atmospheric emissions from the methodology Emissions Evaluation Models for Projects (TEEMP). For this, we evaluated the criteria of the BRT quality standard, including criteria of the basic BRT categories, services planning, infrastructure, stations, communications, access and integration and deductions of operations. Specific project data were also inserted in the Model calculation spreadsheet so that the scenarios of emission reductions were simulated, one with the implementation of the BRT Belém and the other without, considering a horizon of 20 years. The results show that the system will have the potential to avoid the emission of 196,992.2 ton of CO2e, 4.8 ton of MP and 631.7 ton of NOx. In addition, it would count a savings of 79 million liters of fuel in a reduction of 230.5 million kilometers traveled. Although the scenario models have indicated positive results regarding the reduction of atmospheric and co emissions, when comparing the performance potential of other BRTs in Brazil and the world, it is possible to realize that performance is short of Potential that this type of equipment could have, with improvement points being attempted by the operational administration of the system Mestrado Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos Mestra em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos CAPES

Abstract

This survey reviews the current state of the economic literature, assessing the impact of transport policies on growth, inclusion, and sustainability in a developing country context. The findings are summarized and methodologies are critically assessed, especially those dealing with endogeneity issues in empirical studies. The specific implementation challenges of transport policies in developing countries are discussed. Document type: Book

Abstract

This study uses Twitter data to provide a more nuanced understanding of the public reaction to the 2011 reform to the propane gas subsidy in El Salvador. By soliciting a small sample of manually tagged tweets, the study identifies the subject matter and sentiment of all tweets during six one-month periods over three years that concern the subsidy reform. The paper shows that such an analysis using Twitter data can provide a useful complement to existing household survey data and even potentially replace survey data if none were available. The finding show that when people tweet about the subsidy, they almost always do so in a negative manner; and there is a decline in discussion of topics about the reform subsidy, which coincides with increase in support for the subsidy as reported elsewhere. Therefore, the study concludes that decreasing discussion of the subsidy reform indicates an increase in support for the reform. In addition, the gas distributor strikes of May 2011 may have contributed to public perception of the reform more than previously acknowledged. This study is used as an opportunity to provide methodological guidance for researchers who wish to undertake similar studies, documenting the steps in the analysis pipeline with detail and noting the challenges inherent in obtaining data, classification, and inference. Document type: Book

Abstract

This document details the scope and the main elements of the Country Partnership Framework (CPF) with the Republic of Botswana for FY16-20. The previous Country Partnership Strategy (CPS), considered by the Board on May 21, 2009 and completed in 2013 has built a solid foundation to design the new World Bank Group (WBG) program. The CPF supports the government’s ongoing National Development Plan (NDP10) that has recently been extended until 2017. It also reviews the new NDP11 now under preparation. The Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) was completed after Botswana’s General Elections in October 2014. The SCD drew on all available research and benefited greatly from the series of stakeholder consultations conducted in the country between March and September, 2014. The report was well received by the national authorities and sent for information to the Board on March 31, 2015. The SCD identified the following priority development challenges: (a) despite rapidly declining poverty, low job creation keeps inequality extremely high; (b) with the weakening of traditional growth drivers, a new growth model is needed that is jobs-intensive, export-oriented, and private sector-driven; (c) despite broad and well-intentioned investment, inclusion barriers remain; (d) sustainability is threatened as resource vulnerability challenges long-term growth and inclusion.