Abstract

In less than fifty years, Brazil evolved from a predominantly rural society and economy to a highly urbanized country in which 85 percent of its people now live in urban areas and more than 90 percent of the country’s GDP is generated in the cities. This rapid urbanization process was characterized by a lack of planning and an enduring framework of inequality, resulting in high degrees of concentrated poverty in the urban areas. Much of this urbanization has taken place in metropolitan regions (MRs). MRs have grown more rapidly than the rest of the country, both in population and in GDP terms. In 2010, per capita GDP was higher in MRs than in the rest of the country and metropolitan economies accounted for 70 percent of GDP. At the same time, half of the Brazilian poor and 90 percent of the people living in subnormal conditions were found in metropolitan regions. The recent approval of a new framework for metropolitan governance inBrazil creates the opportunity for debate and evolution regarding several key issues. These include: a) placing metropolitan matters at the forefront of the development arena in Brazil; b) reviewing what has been learned about inter-municipal governance and service delivery; c) estimating resource mobilization needs for metropolitan development; d) coordinating metropolitan land use with transport and housing; e) including metropolitan concerns in any revision of fiscal federalism; and f) promoting environmental sustainability, social inclusion and resilience to disasters and climate change plans at the metropolitan scale. The World Bank can be a partner in addressing these issues. In responding to client demand, the Bank has been providing a range of support to Brazilian states and cities and especially their low- income populations in the areas of infrastructure, social services, slum upgrading, institutional development, river basin management, local economic development, environmental protection, water and sanitation, and transportation.

Abstract

Orientador: Flávia Luciane Consoni de Mello Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T17:31:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barassa_Edgar_M.pdf: 1763490 bytes, checksum: 150d4a1e9b699993d6ea840d34588afa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 Resumo: A indústria automobilística global está passando por um período de reestruturação, a qual deverá contemplar o uso de tecnologias alternativas às tradicionais com o propósito de aumentar a eficiência energética dos veículos e paralelamente reduzir as emissões de poluentes. Neste contexto, os veículos elétricos (VE) caracterizam-se como uma das alternativas possíveis frente a este cenário de novas demandas. Essa dissertação avança nesta temática ao investigar, descrever e analisar a trajetória histórica, tecnológica e de mercado do veículo elétrico. Para o aprofundamento ao tema, observou-se a competição tecnológica pelo sistema de propulsão dominante, que ocorreu entre: 1) o motor a vapor; 2) os conversores eletromecânicos de energia (motores elétricos); e 3) os motores a combustão interna, sendo o último caracterizado como vencedor. Ao longo dos 50 anos que seguiriam a partir do fechamento do motor a combustão interna em 1920 como paradigma tecnológico, os veículos elétricos praticamente desaparecem. O projeto do veículo elétrico só foi retomado a partir da década de 1970, com os estímulos vindos da agenda ambiental, da poluição do ar e seus impactos na saúde pública e do aumento do uso dos combustíveis fósseis. Porém, será a partir do século XXI que o segmento dos veículos elétricos irá ascender tanto do lado tecnológico quanto de mercado. Foram observadas três configurações mais promissoras a respeito da tecnologia dos veículos elétricos: a bateria, híbrido e a células a combustíveis. As três configurações apresentam barreiras e desafios, os quais estão sendo sistematicamente trabalhados pelas empresas que estão dispensando esforços para o segmento. Isto é observado com base na evolução das patentes publicadas sobre veículos elétricos e suas tecnologias. Sendo assim, é possível, ainda, constatar a evolução das vendas dos veículos elétricos nos Estados Unidos, Japão e em um pequeno número de países europeus. O êxito mercadológico fica para os modelos híbridos, com vendas sete vezes superiores aos veículos elétricos a bateria. Transpondo esta discussão para o contexto brasileiro atual, salientamos que o Brasil possui os atores (órgãos governamentais, empresas e instituições públicas de pesquisa) e condições (mercado automobilístico consolidado e know-how) necessários para a formação de um complexo automobilístico voltado aos veículos elétricos, porém as ações em curso no país são pontuais. Ainda que tais iniciativas possam favorecer a criação de competências específicas para o veículo elétrico, elas se mostram pouco efetivas para criar as condições que permitam o Brasil ocupar posição de destaque neste mercado. Ao menos que se projete um rol de políticas claras de apoio e suporte ao desenvolvimento de tecnologias locais destinadas ao veículo elétrico, poucos avanços serão conquistados neste campo tecnológico Abstract: Automobile industry across the world is undergoing structural change. Advances in emission regulations and the effects of oil price fluctuations are forcing carmakers towards new product programs that use new technologies in order to increase the energy efficiency of vehicles, reduce emissions and decrease environment impacts. In this context, electric vehicles have been considered as one of the possible alternatives for this scenario of new demands. This dissertation advances on this topic to investigate, describe and analyze the historical and technological trajectories and market behavior of the electric vehicle. It was observed a technological competition by dominant propulsion system, that had occurred among: 1) the steam engine; 2) electromechanical energy converters (electric motors); and 3) internal combustion engines, the last being characterized as the most used. Throughout the following 50 years from the engine closure based on the internal combustion in 1920, electric vehicles practically disappeared. The electric vehicle project was only resumed after the 1970s, due to the environmental agenda, the air pollution and its impacts on public health and the increase of fossil fuels prices. However, in the 21st century, the segment of electric vehicles has ascended in both technological and market fields. Therefore, it is possible to identify the three most promising settings about electric vehicle technology: battery electric vehicle, hybrid vehicle and fuel cells vehicle. The three configurations have obstacles and challenges, which are being systematically tackled by companies that are dispensing efforts for the segment, based on the evolution of patents published concerning the electric vehicles and their technologies. Thus, it is possible to verify the evolution of the electric vehicles selling in the United States, Japan and a few European countries. The world market success is related to hybrids models, selling seven times more than the battery electric vehicle. In the current Brazilian context, the country has the government agencies, companies and public research intuitions and had the conditions (mature automobile market and know-how) for the formation of an automobile complex of electric vehicles, with off actions. Although such initiatives may favor the creation of specific competencies for electric vehicle, they show little effective to create conditions for the Brazil occupy a prominent position in this market. It should be projected a list clear policies to support the development of local technologies for the electric vehicle, or few advances will be achieved in this technological field Mestrado Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológic

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to study the evolution of emerging technological paths in the automotive industry. Worldwide patent data from the years 1990-2010 was collected and utilised to define the technological life cycles of the electric and fuel cell vehicle technologies. The novelty of our study is practicing the patent analysis approach using text mining techniques to collect patents according to their concepts in the automotive industry. The patent analysis results are compared to existing literature and expert opinion studies in alternative fuel vehicles field. The findings suggest that the development of electric vehicles will be quicker with a higher R&D share, compared to hydrogen vehicles. By gathering data and insights, the paper also offers general views on future automotive technology trajectories.