Abstract

The European research project DESERVE (DEvelopment platform for Safe and Efficient dRiVE, 2012-2015) had the aim of designing and developing a platform tool to cope with the continuously increasing complexity and the simultaneous need to reduce cost for future embedded Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). For this purpose, the DESERVE platform profits from cross-domain software reuse, standardization of automotive software component interfaces, and easy but safety-compliant integration of heterogeneous modules. This enables the development of a new generation of ADAS applications, which challengingly combine different functions, sensors, actuators, hardware platforms, and Human Machine Interfaces (HMI). This book presents the different results of the DESERVE project concerning the ADAS development platform, test case functions, and validation and evaluation of different approaches. The reader is invited to substantiate the content of this book with the deliverables published during the DESERVE project. Technical topics discussed in this book include: Modern ADAS development platforms; Design space exploration; Driving modelling; Video-based and Radar-based ADAS functions; HMI for ADAS; Vehicle-hardware-in-the-loop validation systems Note: EUR 6,000 BPC fee funded by the EC FP7 Post-Grant Open Access Pilo Document type: Part of book or chapter of book

Abstract

Research to inform policy is often challenged with how to genuinely use and implement research findings in decision-making and policy-planning. To begin with, the dialogue between researchers and decision-makers is essential to ensure profound understanding and legitimate interpretations of the results. Furthermore, the step to drawing practical conclusions and process them into actions can only succeed if research findings are diffused to decision-making levels with influence on the matter and mechanisms to knowledge transfer in the presence of a stable, favourable policy environment exist. Research investments into the topic of electromobility in Europe are substantial, and subtopics aiming to inform national policy-makers address a complex set of aspects from environmental and societal to technological and economic. This paper has a two-fold objective, the first of which is to present the results of scenarios to explore electromobility deployment in Finland, Germany and the European Union. The second is to discuss the challenges and solutions to bridge the gap from research findings towards decision-making and policy-planning, using our electromobility scenario work as an example. The electromobility scenarios were built using the VECTOR21 model (Mock, 2010), and the rationale was to simulate vehicle sales and markets under different policy settings and calculate the most economical solution to fulfil regulation on CO2 emissions as set by the European Commission (2009). The model allows calculating the market diffusion of alternative powertrain technologies to the European market until 2030, taking into account different taxation schemes, incentives and other country-specific characteristics. We also present the cost-benefit-analysis of the modelling results to assess the different scenarios and to show variation between regions regarding profitability of alternative technological or political support and interventions. To proceed from research findings towards decision-making and policy-planning, we made observations relating to transfer of research knowledge and interpretation of our electromobility scenario results in national policy contexts. An evaluation of how the function of research to inform policy in this case succeeded is provided. In addition, the influence of expert opinions on the political decision-making process will be discussed through experiences from an expert questionnaire conducted to survey the importance of costs, time requirement, acceptance and other criteria of promotion measures of electromobility.

Abstract

The paper focuses on the innovative strength that the DESERVE platform has brought on the Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) market in terms of major safety and economic affordability. DESERVE is a project aimed at designing and implementing a low-cost, integrated platform for ADAS: the creation of innovative software and hardware modules to be integrated in ADAS applications will pave the way to a standardization of the single components in order to achieve a full integration of diversified models despite their complexity. The achievement of such objective will end up in an increase of the reliability level of the system and in a cost reduction for ADAS functions and for development costs as well. In this paper the results of the application of the modularisation philosophy to the DESERVE platform architecture and to the human machine interface (HMI) concepts will be presented.

Abstract

In the framework of the CCSP R&D program, the regulatory gaps have been assessed at VTT using the current monitoring rules for capture, pipeline transportation and geological storage of CO"sub"2"/sub" as a benchmark. The scope of the presented work includes: (i) definition of CO"sub"2"/sub" emissions from ship transportation of CO"sub"2"/sub"; (ii) review of EU regulations on MRV of maritime CO"sub"2"/sub" emissions; and (iii) review of the MRV regulation on capture, transport and geological storage of CO"sub"2"/sub" under the EU-ETS. The considered activities related to ship transportation of CO"sub"2"/sub" are liquefaction and intermediate storage with recirculation loop for boil-off CO"sub"2"/sub", loading and unloading facilities and CO"sub"2"/sub" transportation and handling during the ship voyage. Identification of the regulatory gaps, based on the above, shows what is needed to enable ship transportation of CO"sub"2"/sub" for geological storage in Europe. Based on the results, maritime transportation for CCS could be made possible with very limited new emission monitoring and verification practices. Also the trade-offs of using an MRV regulation analogous to pipeline transportation of CO"sub"2"/sub" is discussed in the results.

Abstract

This paper presents the results of a safety impact assessment, providing quantitative estimates of the safety impacts of ten intelligent transport systems (ITS) which were designed to improve safety, mobility and comfort of vulnerable road users (VRUs). The evaluation method originally developed to assess safety impacts of ITS for cars was now adapted for assessing safety impacts of ITS for VRUs. The main results of the assessment showed that nine ITS included in the quantitative safety impact assessment affected traffic safety in a positive way by preventing fatalities and injuries. At full penetration the highest effects were obtained for Pedestrian and Cyclists Detection System + Emergency Braking (PCDS+EBR), VRU Beacon System (VBS) and Intersection Safety (INS). The estimates for PCDS+EBR showed the maximum reduction of 7.5% on all road fatalities at full penetration, which comes down to an medium estimate of around 1,900 fatalities saved per year in the EU-28 when applying the 2012 accident data and 100% penetration rate. The results regarding future scenarios showed the highest effects in number of reduced fatalities per system in the European Union (EU)-28 in 2030 for PCDS+EBR (-200 fatalities), Blind Spot Detection (BSD) (-22 fatalities), INS (-20 fatalities) and VBS (-11 fatalities). © 2017 The Institution of Engineering and Technology.

Abstract

m: An easy-to-use human factors (HF) tool for air traffic control (ATC) operators was applied in an air traffic management (ATM) organization to ensure ATC operators' learning and commitment to HF, which is seen as a critical factor in improving safety. Methods: ATC operators analyzed the positive and negative causal factors of 3163 incident reports in 2008-2010 using the HF tool in 27 ATC units. We studied the active usage of the HF tool and causal factors of incidents. Users' experiences of the HF tool were assessed using questionnaires with open questions. Results: Although the usage of the tool varied from year to year and across units, it helped ATC units analyze both positive and negative HF-related causal factors of incidents. It also enabled ATC operators to learn about the new field of HF. Discussion: The target ATM organization accepted the new HF tool. The benefits of the tool were its visuality, user-friendliness and the congruence of its contents with existing HF tools. The lessons learnt revealed the need for more extensive training, clearer instructions for the users of the HF tool, and publicizing the actions based on the findings. Conclusions: The application of a new HF tool in the target ATM organization was supported by the fact that it could be included as one of the core processes of ATC work (reporting system). Improving HF competence in the organization is recommended, to further improve ATC work and the safety of ATC operations. The HF tool would support this.

Abstract

Simulation has become an established technique to support the design of complex, mechatronic or cyber-physical systems. Ideally, simulations should already be performed at an early design phase before high-cost design commitments are made, and the recent advances in the digitalization of design information open possibilities for automatic generation of simulation models. However, high-fidelity simulation model building depends on accurate data. In particular, firstprinciples models are desirable source information for simulations, but such models generally are not available at an early design stage. This paper investigates the automatic generation of first-principles 3D models for piping intensive systems based on design information that is available at an early design stage, namely Piping & Instrumentation Diagrams (P&ID). An algorithm is presented for the generation of such 3D models based on machine-readable P&ID information. The main focus of the algorithm is the automatic generation of feasible pipelines into the 3D models, so that the model has sufficient information which can be exploited in further work to automatically generate high fidelity first-principles thermohydraulic simulations.

Abstract

It can be difficult to select from available safety preventative measures, especially where there is limited evidence of effectiveness in different contexts. This paper describes application of a method to identify and evaluate wide-ranging preventative measures for rail suicide and trespass fatalities. Evidence from literature and industry sources was collated and reviewed in a two stage process to achieve consensus among experts on the likely effects of the measures and factors influencing their implementation. Multiple evaluation criteria were used to examine the measures from different perspectives. Fencing, awareness campaigns and different types of organisational initiatives were recommended for further testing. This is the first time evidence has been collected internationally across such a range of preventative measures. Commentary is provided on using this type of approach to select safety measures from a pool of prevention options, including how re-framing the scope of the exercise could identify alternative options for prevention. Practitioner summary: The findings give insight to how different measures work in different ways and how industry can consider this in strategic initiatives. The method could be used in future studies with different frames of reference (e.g. different timescales, level of ambition and safety context e.g. railway crossings or highway fatalities). Abbreviation: RESTRAIL: REduction of Suicides and Trespasses on RAILway property.

Abstract

Growing concerns over energy and environmental sustainability have lately sparked worldwide interest in more efficient and cleaner transportation systems and industrial activities. Friction roughly consumes one-fifth of all energy used worldwide. One-third of all energy used in transportation goes to overcome friction. At the same time, the fruits of decades of dedicated research on all-electric vehicles powered by advanced batteries are paving the way toward a much cleaner and sustainable transportation future. In this article, we provide a short overview of what are the energy efficiency and environmental impacts of current transportation, industrial, and residential systems and how much of that efficiency is adversely affected by friction and wear losses in moving mechanical parts and components. We also touch upon recent advances in new materials, lubricants, and design changes that could reduce energy losses by 18–40%, mainly resulting from friction and wear. The savings would be up to 8.7% of the total global energy use and 1.4% of the gross national products (GNP). Finally, we calculate the energy consumption and friction losses in battery-powered electric passenger cars and show the benefit of electric cars where the total energy use is in average 3.4 times lower compared to combustion engine powered cars. The CO"sub"2"/sub" emissions are 4.5 times higher for a combustion engine car compared to an electric car when the electricity comes from renewable energy sources. Moving from fossil to renewable energy sources may cut down the energy losses due to friction in energy production by more than 60%.