Abstract

International audience; Dieser Bericht ist das Ergebnis einer Zusammenarbeit von etwa 100 Forschern im Zeitraum von 1993 bis 1998. Die COST Aktion 319 „Abschätzung der verkehrsbedingten Schadstoffemissionen“ fu?hrte dazu, daß ein Netzwerk von Wissenschaftern aufgebaut und Methoden zur Durchfu?hrung von Emissionsberechnungen entwickelt wurden. Zuzätzlich konnte der zuku?nftige Forschungsbedarf auf diesem Bebiet aufgezeigt werden.Das im Rahmen der Aktion entwickelte Netzwerk umfaßt 200 Mitglieder. Die Hälfte von ihnen spielte eine aktive Rolle in den verschiedenen Arbeitsgruppen, die den größten Teil der europäischen Spezialisten auf dem Gebiet der transportbezogenen Emissionserhebungen repräsentieren. Die Adressen und Telefonnummern der Mitglieder des Netzwerks, Forscher oder Anwender, sind einschließlich ihrer fachlichen Schwerpunkte angegeben.Im wissenschaftlichen Teil des Berichts ist der Entwicklungsstand in Europa auf diesem Gebiet dargestellt, wobei in Bezug auf die räumliche Auflösung nach verschiedenen Anwendungsbereichen der Modelle unterschieden wird. Die vier Transportarten - Straße, Schiene, Wasser und Luft - werden behandelt unter Einbeziehung von Teilmodellen, die verschiedene Datensätze von Emissionsfaktoren und Verkehrskenngrößen nutzen, die zunächst analysiert wurden (Analyse der verfu?gbaren Daten, Annahmen, Schlußfolgerungen in bezug auf Modellierung). Die verschiedenen Modelle sind in einem gesonderten Bericht detailliert beschrieben.Schließlich wurde der wichtigste Bedarf an zuku?nftigen Forschungsstudien herausgearbeitet die das Ziel haben, hinreichend genaue und konsistente Modelle zur Erfassung transportbedingter Emissionen zu entwickeln.; The COST 319 action "Estimation of pollutant emissions from transport" involved cooperation between about a hundred European researchers between 1993 and 1998. This report presents the results of the action in terms of network development, inventory methods, and future research needs. The complete Action network had over 200 members. Half of these played an active role in the various working groups. The network included most of the European specialists in the field of transport-related emission inventories. The addresses , phone numbers, and subject areas of the network members, whether they be researchers or users, are included in this report. State-of-the-art European inventorying tools are presented in the report. A distinction has been made, according to the type of application, between disaggregated, central, or aggregated models. The four transport modes - road, rail, sea and air - are addressed using a set of sub-models and databases relating to various emission factors and traffic characteristics. The data used in the models, the assumptions that are made, and the model output are all analysed. The implications for emission modelling are reported. In addition, an assessment was made of the research that would be required in the future to develop sufficiently precise and homogeneous inventorying models for transport-related emissions which could be used in various applications.; Fruit de la collaboration d'une centaine de chercheurs européens de 1993 à 1998, les résultats de l'action COST 319 "Estimation des émissions de polluants par les transports" sont présentés en termes de réseau, de méthodes d'inventaires, et de besoins de recherche future.Le réseau issu de l'action comprend plus de 200 membres dont la moitié a pris une part active dans les différents groupes de travail. Il représente donc l'essentiel des spécialistes européens dans le domaine des inventaires d'émissions des transports. Les coordonnées de chacun des membres, chercheurs ou utilisateurs, sont publiées ainsi que son domaine d'activité.La partie purement scientifique du rapport présente l'état de l'art européen en la matière en distinguant les différent types d'application correspondant à des modèles désagrégés, centraux, et agrégés. Les quatre modes routier, ferré, aérien et maritime-voie d'eau sont traités, avec un ensemble de sous-modèles et de bases de données concernant les différents facteurs d'émission et les caractéristiques du trafic. La mise au point des résultats est analysée en priorité (analyse des données disponibles, hypothèses, conclusions en terme de modélisation), tandis que les différents modèles sont présentés en détail dans un rapport annexe.Enfin les principaux besoins de recherche future ont été analysés, afin de tendre vers des modèles d'inventaire des émissions des transports suffisamment précis et homogènes pour leurs différentes applications. Document type: Book

Abstract

International audience; The scale of proposed carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) chains also draws attention to the hazards posed by the transport mode, enabling the link from source to sink. As such, the adverse consequences of an accidental release from transport pipelines or other equipment containing CO2 at high pressure in a dense-phase (supercritical or liquid) state are (re)considered in theory and in practice. Several experimental observations of large-scale CO2 releases have been made, and yet the physics and thermodynamics involved are not fully understood. The work presented here provides a database focused on the specificities of the release and the dispersion of the carbon dioxide cloud in case of substantial variations of storage (temperature and pressure) and discharge conditions (nozzle size). Document type: Conference object

Abstract

This work deals with a comparative study of regulations, codes and standards for hydrogen fuelling station dedicated for light duty land vehicles in the following countries: United States (California), United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, Canada, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Spain. The following technical components of a hydrogen fuelling station are included in the scope of the study: the hydrogen storage systems (cryogenic or compressed gases) and buffer storage, the compressor stations, the high pressure buffer storage, the cooling systems for hydrogen, the dispensing equipments and the dispensing area. The hydride storage, the pipelines, on site production and the hydrogen vehicle have been excluded. The analysis, performed in September 2014 in a report from INERIS DRA-14-141532-06227C BENCHMARK STATIONS-SERVICE HYDROGENE, is based on documents collected by bibliographic review and information obtained through a questionnaire sent to authorities and IA HySafe [1] members in the above mentioned countries. This paper gives a synthesis of the regulations and on permitting process in the different studied countries (including the new European Directive on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure in Europe [2]), it develops the required safety barriers in the different parts of a fuelling station and specially for the dispensing area, gives an overview of the different approaches for safety distances and processes to obtain licences to operate.

Abstract

International audience; Without a clear understanding of the hazards associated with the failure of CO2 pipelines, carbon capture and storage (CCS) cannot be considered as a viable proposition for tackling the effects of global warming. Given that CO2 is an asphyxiant at high concentrations, the development of reliable validated pipeline outflow and dispersion models are central to addressing this challenge. This information is pivotal to quantifying all the hazard consequences associated with the failure of CO2 transportation pipelines, which forms the basis for emergency response planning and determining minimum safe distances to populated areas. This paper presents an overview of the main findings of the recently completed CO(2)PipeHaz project [1] which focussed on the hazard assessment of CO2 pipelines to be employed as an integral part of CCS. Funded by the European Commission FP7 Energy programme, the project's main objective was to address this fundamentally important issue. Document type: Conference object

Abstract

The work presented in this paper describes a novel multi-phase discharge and dispersion model capable of predicting the near-field fluid dynamics and phase-transition phenomena associated with accidental CO2 releases. Also presented in this paper are previously unpublished data describing the near-field structure of a number of largescale CO2 experimental releases, obtained through the EU-FP7 CO2PipeHaz (2009) project. The calculations employed an adaptive finite-volume grid algorithm to solve the Favre-averaged fluid-flow equations. This equation set was closed with the inclusion of both a two-equation k-e model and a second-moment Reynolds stress model to represent turbulent fluctuations. Results demonstrate the superior performance of the Reynolds stress transport model when compared to its compressibility-corrected counterpart.