Abstract

Purpose: This study compared road safety and related factors in the U.S. with those in Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands (which are among the best-performing countries), in order to identify actions most likely to produce casualty reductions in the U.S. Method: The reviewed topics were basic country statistics, road fatalities and various fatality rates, and selected road-safety issues. Results: The main differences concerned structural and cultural factors (such as vehicle distance driven), and procedural factors (such as alcohol-impaired driving, exceeding speed limits, and use of seat belts). Conclusions: The main recommendations for improving road safety in the U.S. are as follows: (1) lower states' BAC limits, and encourage the use of alcohol ignition interlocks (2) reexamine the current speed-limit policies and improve speed enforcement, (3) implement primary seat-belt-wearing laws in each state that would cover both front and rear occupants, and reward vehicle manufacturers for installation of advanced seat-belt reminders, and (4) reconsider road-safety target setting so that the focus is on reducing fatalities and not on reducing fatality rate per distance driven, and (5) consider new strategies to reduce vehicle distance driven. Document type: Article

Abstract

The European Parliament has adopted regulation (EU) 2019/2144, which will make several ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) mandatory in new models from June 2022 onward and in all new vehicles from June 2024 onwards. However, due to the slow renewal of the vehicle fleet, it will take several years before a meaningful portion of the fleet is equipped with these lifesaving systems. To compensate for this, the safety of existing vehicles could be improved with retrofit ADAS systems. The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility, costs and benefits of retrofitting ADAS. This study examined the technical feasibility of various retrofit ADAS systems and assessed the following in greater detail: Forward Collision Warning, Lane Departure Warning, Advanced Driver Distraction Warning, Speed Limit Information, Reversing Detection, Tyre Pressure Monitoring system, Turn Assistant for trucks and 112 eCall. The study examines the potential safety impacts of retrofitting the vehicle fleet and presents a cost-benefit assessment for the measures. This report addresses voluntarily installable measures as well as mandatory measures.

Abstract

This report documents the survey, which was designed to investigate views on the importanceof different key performance indicator (KPIs) for expressing the impact of automation in roadtransportation in several impact areas. It documents the rating results and additional KPIsproposed by the 77 experts in Europe, US and Japan who filled in the survey.The Trilateral Impact Assessment Subgroup of ART WG will use these results when decidingthe recommendations for the KPIs to be used in the impact assessment studies. Therecommendations and a full list of potential KPIs (KPI repository) will be added to the version2.0 of their impact assessment framework (expected in April 2018).

Abstract

The deployment of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) throughout the transportation system is expected to significantly shape the current structures and operating models. Infrastructure, vehicles and end-user handsets are becoming increasingly intelligent and instrumented with sensors and broadband connectivity, which in turn enables a wide range of smart mobility services. This evolution trend is also challenging the public sector to renew itself and create new policies, new ways to organize services and regulate the market. In relation to this evolution trend, the Ministry of Transport and Communications has launched the Traffic Lab development program the goal of which is to enable the creation of an ecosystem of smart mobility services, and which also provides a context for this study. In this study we use different modelling frameworks to analyse how the evolution towards an open ecosystem model for smart mobility services could occur in Finland. Two evolution paths in particular are described, the first being a more centralized path where centrally controlled public services are gradually liberalized, following possibly a similar evolutionary path what took place in the evolution of 1st and 2nd generation mobile communications. The second is a more decentralized path, where fragmented and isolated solutions are loosely coupled in a similar manner to that which occurred in the evolution of the Internet. In order for smart mobility services to reach their full potential, many changes are needed in current organizational structures and legislation. New collaboration models are needed between the public and private sectors and between existing sub-sectors of the transport system. While it remains uncertain how quickly these changes will eventually occur in full scale, it is evident that the upscaling of smart mobility solutions requires multiple points of intervention and is not likely to emerge by market forces alone.

Abstract

This deliverable presents the methodologies for the evaluation of the piloted use cases; for technical evaluation and the assessments of user acceptance, quality of life and the business impact."br/""br/"The FESTA methodology is applied and enhanced for evaluating the added value of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) to improve Cooperative and Automated Driving (AD). The main research question to be evaluated is defined as “What is the added value of IoT for AD?” This central question is refined for all four evaluation perspectives in more detailed research questions, hypotheses and key performance indicators, measurements and log data from the pilots, and in evaluation methods. The methodologies provide the starting point for implementation and execution int he evaluation tasks in the next preparation and piloting phases."br/""br/"The evaluation methodologies are tailored for the scale and scope of the pilot sites and implementations of the use cases. The common research focus in the evaluation methodologies on the concepts and criteria that are most common among pilot sites and use cases maximises the synergy and coherence between the evaluation tasks. Potential improvements of IoT to accelerate, enhance or enable automated driving functions and services will be evaluated and assessed collaboratively from all four perspectives. The methodologies will be extended for additional use case or pilot site specific evaluation criteria during the coming phases."br/""br/"This deliverable provides guidelines, requests and requirements for pilot test scenarios and data provisioning that will be needed as input for evaluation. This is input for the specification and data management of the pilots.

Abstract

This article focuses on testing and investigating further development needs for LiDARs in self-driving cars in adverse weather. The article compares two different LiDARs (Ibeo Lux and Velodyne PUCK), which both use the 905 nm wavelengths, which are used in more than 95% of currently available LiDARs. The performance was tested and estimated in stabilized fog conditions at Cerema fog chamber facilities. This provides a good basis for repeating the same validation procedure multiple times and ensuring the right development decisions. However, performance of the LiDARs suffers when the weather conditions become adverse and visibility range decreases. A 50% reduction in target detection performance was observed over the exhaustive tests. Therefore, changing to higher wavelengths (1550 nm) was considered using redesigned 'pre-prototype LiDAR'. The preliminary results indicate that there is no reason to not use 1550 nm wavelength, which due to eye safety regulations gives an opportunity to use 20 times more power compared to the traditional 905 nm. In order to clarify the expected benefits, additional feasibility studies are still needed.

Abstract

This paper is based on a Mobility as a Service (MaaS) project, Mobility as a Service for Linking Europe"br" (MAASiFiE), conducted for the Conference of European Directors of Roads (CEDR). MaaS is an emerging"br" concept aiming to offer user-oriented, multimodal transport services on a one-stop-shop principle utilizing"br" digitalization and mobile applications. This paper presents the main result of the project: the European MaaS"br" Roadmap 2025 defining short- (1-3 years) and medium-term (4-9 years) actions and transitions needed to reach"br" the vision formed in the project. The Roadmap is divided into four functional perspectives: drivers, markets, MaaS"br" services and enablers. Furthermore, each perspective presents the results using the following classification:"br" Academy and R&D, Business, Infrastructure & built environment, Policy & regulation, Technology & data, and"br" Social & culture. This paper concentrates on Policy & regulation aspects, as well as on the role of National Road"br" Administrations (NRAs) in MaaS development.

Abstract

NordicWay has implemented a cooperative safety-related traffic information system based on hybrid"br" communication using a mainly cellular network. In this paper, we present NordicWay’s Finnish Coop project"br" evaluation results on driver behaviour impacts and user acceptance of the system. The evaluation was based on a"br" field test involving more than a thousand test users from May 2016 to April 2017. The results showed the high"br" acceptance by the users. The system was the first source of information in many occasions and the implications it"br" had on driver behaviour were positive (increased attention, speed reduction, less overtaking, etc.). As a main"br" conclusion, the results indicate that a cooperative safety-related traffic information system in mobile phones has"br" positive impacts on driver behaviour. The results also show that road users would be willing to use this kind of"br" system. Almost all users who had longer experience with the system would have been willing to continue using"br" the application.

Abstract

Members of the Trilateral Working Group on Automation in Road Transportation (ART WG) have been working"br" to address the complexity of impacts caused by automated driving. They are setting up a high-level impact"br" assessment framework to coordinate the impact assessments performed in the field of automated driving. The"br" paper presents this framework. It gives recommendations for classifying automation implementations and"br" determining impact areas to be assessed. It also presents the impact mechanisms through which automated driving"br" is expected to impact our life, covering both direct and indirect impacts. In addition, recommendations are provided"br" for experimental procedure, simulation approach and data sharing.